For example, one report describing the use of hemodialysis for lithium cardiotoxicity did not report a blood pressure or whether the patient had symptoms of end-organ dysfunction during a bradycardic episode. [22] The reader is left to guess whether the intervention reversed significant cardiotoxicity

or simply “treated a number.” Description of the intervention Case reports must include complete information about the treatments the patient received, including medication dosages and routes, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical important procedures and supportive and adjunctive care. In the current review, errors of omission were common. One published report described the use of warm water immersion to reverse the pain of a lionfish envenomation but failed to state the temperature of the water bath or the duration of immersion. [23] Incomplete reporting of co-interventions was also common. For example, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a case report described the “successful” use of ketorolac for the treatment of chest pain from myocardial infarction. [24] The report did not state whether the patient received aspirin, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical beta blockers, oxygen or morphine. Description of outcomes It was common to read that a patient “stabilized within 2 hours,” “was discharged in improved condition,” “had no further symptoms” or “made a dramatic recovery.” In one case report describing the benefits of

hemodialysis for a patient who had suffered valproic acid poisoning, we learned only that “the patient’s neurologic

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical status promptly improved.”[25] The clinician-reader is left wondering: Which symptoms or signs improved? How completely? And for how long? In the current review, only one-third of case reports informed readers whether side effects were observed. In one case report, a telephone-assisted Heimlich maneuver was “effective” in relieving Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical airway obstruction in a woman who had choked on a piece of meat; however, there was no mention of rib fractures, gastric injury or any other potential complication. [26] In another report, wide-complex atrial fibrillation was “effectively terminated” with ibutalide; however, there was no information about adverse effects, such as QT interval prolongation, hypotension or thromboembolism. [27] Generalizability It is the authors’ responsibility to outline important limitations to the generalizability of their case report. Edoxaban In the case of the telephone-assisted Heimlich maneuver to reverse life-threatening airway obstruction, the authors did not comment on whether the intervention would be equally safe and effective in children, obese patients, the elderly or others. One case report described the use of ultrasound to facilitate aspiration of a breast abscess. The authors wrote, “This convenient bedside Daporinad technology could make a considerable improvement in patient care,”[28] a conclusion that should be tempered by consideration of the training and experience of the ultrasonographer.