, 2010a, b; Leng et al., 2011). In this study, we found a new natural compound, apigenin, which inhibits the expression of α-hemolysin both in vitro and in vivo at a low concentration. Apigenin has only slight antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, which is thought to reduce selective pressure against the growth of this species. Moreover, it can significantly protect the alveolar epithelial cells against α-hemolysin-mediated cell injury at 4 μg mL−1, and it can release the pulmonary infection in a murine model. Because of the decrease in levels of α-hemolysin,

the quantity of cytokines found in the alveolar lavage fluid is also greatly reduced. From our study of the quantitative check details RT-PCR, we can conclude in general that all the effects we observed may be related to the apigenin-induced inhibition of the agr two-component system, which occurs in a dose-dependent

manner. Consequently, we can infer from the data shown in this study that apigenin, combined with β-lactam antibiotics, is a promising candidate for use in the treatment of S. aureus pneumonia. We thank Timothy J. Foster for kindly providing S. aureus strains 8325-4 and DU 1090. This work was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 31130053), the National 863 programme (No. 2012AA020303), and the State Key Laboratory Verteporfin research buy for molecular virology and genetic engineering (No. 2011KF02). J.D. and J.Q. contributed equally to this Phospholipase D1 work. “
“The nematophagous

fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora is a potential biological agent against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes. Its subtilisin-like serine proteases play an important role in nematode cuticle breach. In this study, the cDNA of the mature serine protease XAoz1 from A. oligospora XJ-XAo1 was expressed in Pichia pastoris to assess the in vitro nematicidal activity of recombinant XAoz1 (reXAoz1) on Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus. The cDNA sequence of the protease XAoz1 was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and inserted into the vector pPIC9K for expression in P.pastoris GS115. Our results show that the reXAoz1 had a molecular mass of 50 kDa after 3 days of 1.5%-methanol induction at 28 °C. The highest specific protease activity was achieved at 12 168 U mg−1 protein. The reXAoz1 had the highest hydrolytic activity at pH 6.5–9.5 with an optimal pH at 8.5. Moreover, the purified reXAoz1 displayed a highly toxic and biological activity to immobilize C. elegans and H. contortus by degrading their cuticles and inducing death. “
“Despite the obvious importance of viral transmission and ecology to medicine, epidemiology, ecology, agriculture, and microbiology, the study of viral bioaerosols and community structure has remained a vastly underexplored area, due to both unresolved technical challenges and unrecognized importance.