Within the various subclusters, further discrimination reflected the polymorphism revealed by restriction analysis of the tested loci (Table 3). GapC gene resulted the most conserved among the tested strains; in fact, restriction analysis of the amplified fragment with different restriction enzymes did not reveal sequence variations among the strains, with

the exception of isolate V79 from fish, which differentiated from the other strains when HaeIII was employed (Identification profile in Table 3 = Ip 24). Restriction analysis of the galP amplicon grouped the strains into two main clusters, within which the distribution of strains was always the same, even using different enzymes. One cluster (named ‘meat-group’, Ip 1, 4, 9, and 12) contained all meat isolates (with the exception of Sa113), two salad isolates and eight of the 12 fish isolates; the second cluster (named ‘dairy-group’, JAK drugs Ip 3, 5, 8, and 10) included all dairy isolates and the remaining vegetables and fish isolates. The isolate

from wheat flour always grouped with strains of dairy origin. Strain Sa113 from meat products showed a unique restriction profile (Ip 2, 6, 7, and 11). Restriction analysis of the atpA gene with RsaI delineated Fulvestrant ic50 the same two clusters obtained when galP gene was tested; in this case, Sa113 grouped whit meat isolates (Ip 16). Also using HpaII, the differentiation among strains was respected (meat-group, Ip14 – dairy-group, Ip 15) with an additional discrimination for four meat isolates (Smp1-2-3-4, Ip 13). The digestion of tuf gene with RsaI grouped two meat isolates (Po1 and Tac2) with dairy-group (Ip 19), while the use of HhaI permitted the separation of Sa113 (Ip 20) and the differentiation of dairy isolates and Po1 and Tac2 (Ip 22) from the remaining meat, fish and vegetable isolates (Ip 21). Restriction analysis isothipendyl of the dltA and als genes revealed further

polymorphisms, and the possibility to discriminate the two salad (Ip 28) and the cereal isolates (Ip 42) from the other strains and to highlight two sub-groups within dairy isolates (Ip 32, 33). PCR-ribotyping generated by digestion of total DNA with PstI, revealed the presence of nine different electrophoretic profiles, characterized by two to five bands of molecular weight varying from 4000 to more than 10 000 bp (Fig. 3). The data obtained indicate an important heterogeneity both in the copy number and in the distribution of the ribosomal operons along the chromosomal DNA, as evidenced in the corresponding dendrogram (Fig. 3). Two main groups were distinguished, at a low similarity level (0.36). The distribution of the tested strains within the main groups differed in part from that previously observed.