The ability of antigens to escape cytosolic degradation in ADC is important during cross-presentation 7, 11–13. Interestingly, it appears that the capacity of an epitope to access cross-priming may support its immunodominance when considering the overall hierarchy 8, 10, 14. Collectively, these findings seem to conflict selleck chemicals with the immunodominant status of GP33 because this epitope is located in the signal sequence of the glycoprotein (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-GP) 15 and may not be able to cross-prime CTL 12. It is plausible that if a virus epitope were to be efficient at cross-presentation,

one would expect it to be also effective at cross-priming and the opposite should be true. In addressing these issues, we report for the first time on the cross-presentation and cross-priming capacity of LCMV antigens after virus infection and subsequent inactivation in ADC. We have tested four epitopes, NP396, NP205, GP33, and GP276 derived from two different viral proteins that elicit a substantial CTL response 16, 17. Our results clearly demonstrate that the cross-presentation abilities of immunodominant and subdominant epitopes do not always directly

correlate with their cross-priming and may explain why certain cross-presentation models do Bafilomycin A1 cost not replicate in vivo18. We employed HEK293 to study the cross-presentation of LCMV proteins, as they cannot directly present antigens to mouse CTL. HEK cells were susceptible to LCMV infection as evident by the expression of LCMV-NP and LCMV-GP (Fig. 1A, i-HEK) 24 h postinfection (p.i.). We applied lysis

and UV treatment to inactivate the virus (LyUV), and were still able to detect sufficient protein levels in the treated cells (Fig. 1A, i-HEK-LyUV). We evaluated the effect of UV inactivation on virus replication in vitro, by incubating L929 (permissible to infection) with supernatants from either Ly or LyUV-infected HEK cells. The tetracosactide data indicate that the supernatant of Ly-, but not LyUV-treated cells contained live virus that replicated in the L929 (Fig. 1B). As positive controls, we infected L929 (i-L929) and uninfected L929 served as negative controls (c-L929). We confirmed these observations in vivo by performing titration assays from mice injected with either condition (Fig. 1C). We evaluated if the infected LyUV-ADC can supply LCMV antigens for cross-presentation when compared with HEK-NP cells 7, 8. By employing NP396-specific CTL, we confirmed that the infected LyUV-ADC supplied sufficient levels of LCMV-NP for cross-presentation to take place (Fig. 1D). We next determined LCMV protein expression (NP and GP) and cross-presentation of the four major epitopes at different time points after infection. We could not detect any significant LCMV-NP or GP 1 h p.i. in the ADC which would represent input virus (Fig. 2A, 1 h). Predictably, over the course of infection, the levels of LCMV-NP and GP increased over 24 h (Fig.