Cr-ZSM-5 catalyst characterization by chemical

analysis, XRD, FTIR, N(2) physisorption, (27)Al MAS NMR, TEM/EDX, UV-visible DRS, XPS, Raman and DRIFT spectroscopies and H(2)-TPR is reported. From textural analysis, it is obvious, after chromium exchange, that a decrease of S(BET) and of porous volume is observed. On the other hand, FTIR. XRD and (27)Al MAS NMR results show that there is no collapse of the parent zeolite during thermal treatment. From H2-TPR, DRS, Raman and XPS spectroscopies, it is concluded that Cr ions and Cr(III) oxide coexist. TEM/EDX results confirmed that chromium oxide species are either heterogeneously or homogeneously dispersed on the support, depending Raf tumor on the nature of the precursor. DRIFT showed that chromium exchange leads strictly to the consumption of Si-O(+)H-Al groups. The catalyst prepared from chromium chloride showed higher activity and selectivity towards SIS3 mw acetonitrile, being this catalytic modification probably due to the differentiated nature of chromium species formed using this precursor. A similarity with Fe-ZSM-5 system is underlined. In fact, higher oxidation states of chromium species are required for ethylene ammoxidation,

while Cr(2)O(3) clusters seem to enhance the hydrocarbon oxidation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To examine factors that affect the utilization of HIV testing and counseling (HTC) services among heterosexual populations in Canada and the UK.\n\nMethods: We conducted an integrated review of published and unpublished literature (1996-September 2010) using Scopus, OVID-EMBASE, CSA illumina, CINHAL, PROQuest, Web of Science, and Google.\n\nResults: Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. We identified and categorized the key factors into three broad categories depending on their source. Personal-related factors included socio-demographic characteristics, risk perception, illness, HIV-related stigma, level of HIV and testing knowledge, and culture.

Provider-related factors included provider-recommended GDC-0973 HIV testing, provision of culturally and linguistically appropriate services, and doctor-patient relationship. System-related factors included integrating HIV testing with other health care services, anonymity of testing services, suitability of testing venues, technical aspects of HIV testing, and funding for immigrant health services.\n\nConclusion: The findings from our review indicate that HTC behaviors of heterosexuals in the Canada and the UK are likely influenced by several unchangeable (socio-demographic characteristics) and amenable factors. There is need to step-up research to confirm whether these associations are causal using stronger research designs.\n\nPractical implication: We have made several recommendations that could be used to improve existing services in Canada. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.