112-115 Bhatti et al116 extended these observations to healthy volunteers (in these subjects, a tryptophanfree drink decreased REM latency, increased

REM expressed as percentage of total sleep time, and increased REM density), findings that were only partially replicated by Voderholzer et al.117 Conclusion Polysomnographic recordings constitute a unique noninvasive tool to analyze brain function. Neurotransmission Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disturbances, such as those encountered in mental disorders, are reflected in alterations of sleep continuity and architecture. If we assume a neurobiological link between sleep and these disorders, the recent explosion of basic findings on the functional neuroanatomy of sleep-wake regulation and the cellular basis of the various sleep rhythms should raise new issues about our understanding of psychiatric disorders. Sleep laboratory investigations are a useful aid for the development of new psychotropic drugs, since their influence Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical on a particular neurotransmission system could be reflected in the polysomnographic profile they induce. Moreover, this profile can be compared with the polysomnographic profiles of reference drugs. Selected Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical abbreviations and acronyms DRN dorsal raphe nucleus GABA γ-aminobutyric acid LC locus ceruleus LDT laterodorsal tegmental (nucleus)

NP nicotine patch NREM non-rapid eye movement PTT pediculopontine tegmental (nucleus) REM rapid eye movement SCN suprachiasmatic nucleus SWS slow-wave sleep TMN tuberomammillary nucleus VLPO ventrolateral preoptic nucleus
This review focuses on information concerning antidepressants and psychotherapy in the treatment of both acute and chronic forms of unipolar Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical depression in the English language literature. We address the use of combination therapy both from the outset of treatment and in a variety of sequences, ie, we examine the advantages of adding a targeted psychotherapy to an incompletely effective pharmacotherapy and the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical advantages of

adding pharmacotherapy to an incompletely effective psychotherapy. We do not address the use of these targeted psychotheraples alone, except inasmuch as to describe those targeted psychotheraples for which there is evidence of their efficacy in the treatment of various forms of unipolar depression, suggesting the potential utility of combining them with pharmacotherapy. Furthermore, although there is almost a burgeoning literature on the advantages of adding psychotherapy to pharmacotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder and, in particular, in the treatment of bipolar depression, the present review does not address the use of psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Forms of targeted psychotherapy that have been combined or sequenced with antidepressant pharmacotherapy To date, the English language literature AVL-301 mouse provides evidence for the efficacy of several forms of time-limited psychotherapy in the treatment of unipolar disorder.