The results of in vitro bacterial genetic mutation assay are summarized in Table 1. In all bacterial strains exposed to different doses of EAHE mycelium (5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, and 0.3125 mg/plate) with the presence and absence of S9-Mix metabolic activators, the revertant colonies

showed no dose dependency and were similar to those of negative control. These findings suggest that EAHE mycelium displayed no mutagenicity, especially in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, and TA1597. Since the Ames test cannot detect chromosome aberrations induced by chemicals [35], it has been recommended to use in vitro tests as a minimum requirement selleck chemicals llc for mutagenicity testing [36]. According to the guidelines OECD 473 [31], the highest dose used in the in vitro chromosome aberration test should be a concentration above the limit of solubility to avoid false positive results. As the amount of precipitation recorded for EAHE was at 5 mg/ml, dose levels of 2.5, 1.25, and 0.625 mg/ml were selected and exposed to the CHO-K1 cells (BCRC 60006) in the presence and absence of a metabolic activation system derived from rat liver Selleck AZD9291 S9 mix [30]. The cell proliferation of CHO-K1 in the 3 h treatment with the presence and absence of S9 activation was inhibited by <7.7% and <21.4%, respectively. Incubation of these cells under the same condition for 20 h in the absence of S9 activation

resulted in <34.3% decreases of cell growth (data not shown). As the highest concentration showed a significant reduction in the degree of confluency, such doses were then used for chromosome observation. The validity of the tests was observed in the incidence of cells having aberrant chromosomes, which was 0% to 1% and 6.5% to 12.5% in negative groups and positive C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) groups, respectively ( Table 2). Neither 3 h nor 20 h EAHE mycelium treatments induced higher frequency of aberrations that were significantly different from negative controls (p > 0.05, Chi-square test) (Table 2). In summary, these data indicate that exposure to EAHE mycelium does not result in genetic damage in cultured

mammalian cells under the test conditions. The uptake of EAHE mycelium that resulted in chromosomal damage was further investigated by using the in vivo erythrocyte micronucleus test in ICR mice since the in vivo assay takes into account whole animal processes, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Our earlier study on acute oral toxicity indicated that acute oral LD50 of EAHE mycelium was greater than 5 g/kg (data not shown). Hence, doses of 1.25 g/kg (low dose), 2.5 g/kg (mid dose) and 5 g/kg (high dose) were selected for this study, whereas distilled water and cyclophosphamide were served as negative and positive controls, respectively. During the 72-hr post-treatment, EAHE at all tested doses (1.25, 2.5, and 5 g/kg) did not induce any symptoms of toxicity, morbidity, or mortality in all mice (n = 25).