, 2003). Respondents aged 30 years or younger, regardless of smoking status, and respondents indicating selleck chemicals that they had quit smoking in the past 2 years also were contacted again. Those who initiated (n=1) or resumed (n=34) smoking at wave 2 were included in the 2-year longitudinal analyses. Measures Smoking status. At each interview, all adults aged 18 years or older who reported that they had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lives were asked (a) if they currently smoked every day or some days and (b) how many CPD they smoked, on average, over the past 30 days. Each smoker’s level of smoking was categorized at each wave using these two dimensions. Cigarette consumption was categorized into three groups: ��5, 6�C10, and >10 CPD. Our focus on smokers consuming ��10 CPD follows Okuyemi et al.

(2002). The decision to further split smokers above and below 5 CPD is based on the ��chipper�� literature. Chippers are smokers who consume no more than 5 CPD over an extended period of time and who may have limited or no nicotine dependence (Shiffman, 1989). We use the term very light to refer to all smokers consuming no more than 5 CPD and light to refer to smokers consuming no more than 10 CPD. Smoking frequency was defined as smoking every day (daily smokers) or less than daily (nondaily smokers). Covariates. The survey assessed demographic factors, socioeconomic status, smoking and quitting behavior, social environment, and no-smoking policies at home and at work. Demographic factors included sex, age, race/ethnicity, and marital status.

Race/ethnicity categories (84% White, 4% Hispanic, 6% Black, 1% Asian, and 4% other) were collapsed into the two categories of White and non-White because the numbers of respondents in individual non-White categories were insufficient to provide statistically stable estimates. Socioeconomic status was measured by years of education and income. Measures of smoking behavior included the following: CPD, age at which the respondent began smoking, and the time to first cigarette after waking (a measure of nicotine dependence; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, Rickert, & Robinson, 1989).

A pattern of social smoking was assessed with the question ��Do you smoke mainly when you are with other people, mainly when you are alone, or as often by yourself as with others?�� Quitting behaviors included having made an intentional quit attempt lasting 1 day or longer in the past 12 months, having a plan to quit smoking in the next 30 days, and self-efficacy for quitting (��How sure are you that you could refrain from smoking for at least 1 month if you wanted to?��; ��very sure�� = 1, else = 0). Smoking Drug_discovery in the social environment was assessed by asking how many friends were also smokers and the smoking policy of the respondent’s home and workplace.