, 2004). Intrinsic parameters of model striatal neurons were based on experimentally measured values (Gittis et al., 2010 and Kreitzer and Malenka, 2007) and tuned to produce realistic firing rates measured in vivo (Berke et al., 2004 and Gage et al., 2010). As observed experimentally, individual FS interneurons made synaptic projections onto D1 and D2 MSNs as well as other FS interneurons (Gittis et al., 2010 and Planert et al., 2010); MSNs made synaptic selleck projections to other MSNs (Planert et al., 2010 and Taverna et al., 2008). For the population cross-correlogram (1500 pairs), data were rebinned at 1 ms. To normalize across cell pairs, z score was calculated

for each individual correlogram: z−score=x−μσ,where x is the spikes/bin in the individual cross-correlogram, μ is the mean of x, and

σ is the SD of x. The authors are grateful to K. Bender, J. Fish, and P. Ohara for assistance with cell fills and neuron reconstructions. Thank you to R. Johnson in the Vanderbilt Neurochemistry Core for performing HPLC analyses and K. Thorn and A. Thwin in the UCSF Nikon Imaging Center for assistance with microscopy. Mini Hydroxychloroquine order analysis and data acquisition routines for Igor Pro were written by M.A. Xu-Friedman. This work was supported by grants to A.H.G. from the Tourette Syndrome Association and NIH Grant F32 NS065641, and to A.C.K. by NIH Grant R01 NS064984, the Pew Biomedical Scholars Program, the W.M. Keck Foundation, and the McKnight Foundation. “
“Cortical circuits are dynamic and they adapt to novel inputs and altered sensory environments, even through adulthood. Recent in vivo two-photon imaging studies have investigated the degree to which functional plasticity induced by sensory deprivation (Hofer et al., 2009, Holtmaat et al., 2006, Keck et al., 2008, Majewska et al., 2006, Trachtenberg et al., 2002, Yamahachi et al., 2009, Yang et al., 2009 and Zuo

et al., 2005) or motor learning (Komiyama et al., 2010 and Xu et al., 2009) correlates with structural plasticity, specifically of dendritic spines—the postsynaptic, structural specializations on many neuronal cell types, Edoxaban most notably pyramidal cells. Spines on excitatory cells carry synapses in the vast majority of cases (Arellano et al., 2007, Harris and Stevens, 1989, Knott et al., 2006 and Nägerl et al., 2007) and therefore serve as convenient structural correlates of synapses, which has eased the study of synaptic changes in vivo and allowed for following the fate of individual synapses over extended periods of time (Grutzendler et al., 2002, Hofer et al., 2009, Holtmaat et al., 2006, Keck et al., 2008, Majewska et al., 2006, Trachtenberg et al., 2002, Xu et al., 2009, Yang et al., 2009 and Zuo et al., 2005). Dendritic spines are conventionally believed to be largely absent from inhibitory neurons; however, there have been occasional reports of their presence on inhibitory neurons in cortex (Azouz et al., 1997, Kawaguchi et al.