, 2005). Three to four fMRI time series (1,125 measurements each series) were acquired in each scan session, during which the monkey rested in the dark (lights off in the scanner and console room). The monkey’s eye position at the MRI scanner was monitored using a 60 Hz Docetaxel mouse long-range optics system (Model LRO, Applied Science Laboratories) to determine the periods when the eyes were stable. At the end of the awake fMRI scans, we anesthetized the animals (ketamine, 2–10 mg/kg, i.m.) to collect the field map

and structural images. Fixation Task. Monkey BU participated in a third fMRI experiment that required him to fixate on a central fixation point. A single fMRI time series was acquired (2,250 measurements) per scan session while the monkey performed a simple fixation task. A juice reward was provided at regular 2 s intervals as long as the monkey fixated on a central fixation point (0.50° diameter) within an invisible 4° this website square window ( Pinsk et al., 2005). This small gray fixation point on a black background was projected from a single-lamp, three-chip LCD projector (Christie LX650; Christie Digital Systems) outside the scanner room onto a translucent screen located at the end of the scanner bore at an ∼60 cm viewing distance. We synchronized

the display, eye position recordings, reward delivery, and the beginning of each scan via a computer running Presentation software (Neurobehavioral Systems). A total of five fMRI time series was acquired over five scan sessions. We acquired structural MRI and fMRI images on a 3 T head-dedicated scanner (Magnetom Allegra; Siemens) using a 12 cm transmit-receive surface coil (model NMSC-023; Nova Medical). fMRI images for the anesthesia condition, resting-state, and fixation task scanning sessions were acquired

with a gradient echo, echo planar sequence (field of view [FOV] = until 95 × 95 mm; matrix = 64 × 64; number of slices = 24; slice orientation = transverse; slice thickness = 1.5 mm; interslice gap = 0.5 mm; repetition time [TR] = 1,600 ms; echo time [TE] = 26 ms; flip angle = 66°; in-plane resolution = 1.5 mm2). Matching in-plane gradient echo field map and magnitude images were acquired to perform geometric unwarping of the echo planar imaging (EPI) images (TR = 500 ms, TE = 4.17/6.63 ms, flip angle = 55°) as well as T1-weighted structural images for coregistration of the fMRI data (magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo; FOV = 128 × 128 mm; matrix = 256 × 256; number of slices = 160; slice thickness = 1.0 mm; TR = 2,500 ms; TE = 4.38 ms; flip angle = 8°; inversion time [TI] = 1,100 ms; in-plane resolution = 0.5 mm2). Details of the imaging parameters used for retinotopic mapping sessions are described in Arcaro et al. (2011). fMRI Data Preprocessing.