4% and 31.3% of all Proteobacteria, respectively, and the dominant genera included Pleomorphomonas, Azospirillum, and Aeromonas. In addition, nearly 13.6% of the Proteobacteria were very similar to some genera of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) such as Dechloromonas, Desulfovibrio, and Sulfurospirillum. The bacteria in these genera are considered to play important roles in the metabolism of nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and some organic compounds in wetland systems. Hence, this study demonstrates that within the diverse bacterial communities found in reed

roots, endophytic strains might have a strong potential to enhance phytoremediation by reed wetlands. Endophytic bacteria are defined as those bacteria that can be isolated from surface-disinfected plant tissues or extracted from within the plant and

that are not observed to harm the host plant (Hallmann et al., http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Adrucil(Fluorouracil).html 1998). They are found in most, if not all, plant species, span a wide range of bacterial phyla, and are known to play a role in plant growth-promoting and pathogen-control activities (Hallmann et al., 1997; Hallmann & Berg, 2006; Ryan et al., 2008). Many factors, such as plant rotations, soil conditions, and phytopathogen populations, are known to influence the population structures of endophytic bacteria (Graner et al., 2003). Recent research suggests that these beneficial impacts may, in the case of plants growing at contaminated sites, extend to the degradation of xenobiotic compounds and may thus play an important role in phytoremediation (Germaine et al., 2006). So far, most information on endophytic bacterial diversity has been obtained buy Obeticholic Acid using culture-dependent approaches. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial endophytes have been isolated from several types of tissues from numerous plant species (Kobayashi & Palumbo, 2000). Recent O-methylated flavonoid studies of plant endophytic bacteria have focused on their roles within plants in relation to plant nutrition (Dalton et al., 2004), pollutant catabolism (Moore et al., 2006), stress or defense responses, and invading pathogens (Graner et al., 2003). However, due

to the unknown growth requirements of many bacteria and the presence of cells that are in a viable, but noncultivable state (Tholozan et al., 1999), the proportion of microbial diversity that has been identified using conventional cultivation techniques is <1% of the bacterial species present (Amann et al., 1995). These methodological constraints have seriously limited our knowledge regarding endophytic bacteria. More recently, the genetic diversity among endophytic populations of crop plants has been monitored successfully using PCR-based techniques (Sessitsch et al., 2002; Sun et al., 2008). Common reed (Phragmites australis Cav. Trin.) is one of the most widely distributed plant species on earth and is restricted mainly to marshy areas and swamps.