4c), as indicated from the modified Bielschowsky’s stain. Astrocytic processes, demonstrated by immunohistochemistry for glial fibril acidic protein (GFAP), were present only at the outside margin of the halo-like amorphous materials (figure not shown). Finally, we examined 16q-ADCA by ubiquitin

immunohistochemistry to examine the process of ubiquitin-related protein degradation system. We found several ubiquitin-positive granules within the halo-like amorphous materials (Fig. 4d). Because the structures and locations of ubiquitin-postive granules resembled those of calbindin https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pirfenidone.html D28k-positive granules (Fig. 3b–d), we speculate that some of the somatic sprouts stemmed from Purkinje cell bodies are labeled with ubiquitin, suggesting activation of such a protein degradation system in halo-like amorphous materials. Through our present observations, we found that somatic sprouts of Purkinje cells and accumulation of synaptophysin-immunoreactive granules are two important features of halo-like amorphous materials. Somatic sprouts have been most often

described in Menkes’ disease8 but also in other conditions such as MELAS.9 However, the amorphous materials have not been described in any conditions other than 16q-ADCA.10 While an accumulation of synaptophysin-positive granules was seen in 16q-ADCA, synaptophysin immunoreactivity was found to be lost around the Purkinje cell soma in Menkes’ disease (figure not shown). In accord with this contrast, loss of presynaptic terminals Selleck Everolimus was seen under electron microscopy in Menkes’ disease,11 whereas presynaptic structures were indeed seen surrounding the Pregnenolone Purkinje cell soma in 16q-ADCA

(Dr Mari Yoshida, Aichi Medical University, pers. obs.). Therefore, we consider that a certain mechanism that leads to the presynaptic terminal accumulation surrounding Purkinje cells is unique for 16q-ADCA. However, we should note that an accumulation of synaptic proteins in the dentate nucleus is known as “the gurmose degeneration”,12,13 an eosinophilic amorphous structure surrounding the neurons of the cerebellar dentate nucleus, most commonly reported in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and DRPLA. In these two conditions, the neurons of the dentate nucleus are degenerated, while synaptic terminals from Purkinje cells innervating to the dentate nucleus accumulate, forming grumose degeneration. Therefore, further investigations comparing grumose degeneration and halo-like amorphous materials may be needed to address similarities and differences in their pathological processes. In summary, the 16q-ADCA seems to be a new SCA reported from Japan showing purely cerebellar ataxia and peculiar Purkinje cell degeneration.