7 over Na(v)1.8 and Na(v)1.5.\n\nMETHODS: BZP was evaluated in rat preclinical models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain and compared with standard analgesics. Two models were used: the complete Freund’s adjuvant model of inflammatory pain and the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. BZP was also evaluated in a motor coordination assay to assess its propensity for CNS side effects.\n\nRESULTS: In preclinical models of chronic pain, GSK2126458 datasheet BZP displayed efficacy comparable with that of leading analgesics. In the complete Freund’s adjuvant model, BZP produced reversal of hyperalgesia comparable

with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and in the spinal nerve ligation model, BZP produced reversal of allodynia comparable with gabapentin and mexiletine. Unlike the CNS penetrant compounds gabapentin and mexiletine, BZP did not induce any impairment of motor coordination.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that a peripherally acting sodium channel blocker, preferentially acting through Na(v)1.7, could provide clinical relief of chronic pain without the CNS side Elafibranor mw effects typical of many existing pain treatments.

(Anesth Analg 2009;109:951-8)”
“Background: Valvular heart disease has become an important public health concern. The increased wall stress and underlying disease entity associated with mitral valve disease provide unfavorable

circumstances for atrial cardiomyocytes. The expression of the alpha-smooth muscle actin isoform is considered characteristic of cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation (embryonic cardiomyocyte), and cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation may indicate an adaptive state, enabling cardiomyocytes to survive despite PLX4032 mw unfavorable circumstances. Methods: This study comprised 20 adult patients with symptomatic severe mitral valve disease and moderate to severe tricuspid valve disease and without coronary artery disease undergoing valve operations for congestive heart failure. Ten patients had persistent atrial fibrillation and 10 patients had never been in atrial fibrillation by history and electrocardiograms before surgery. Atrial tissues of the right atrial appendage were obtained during surgery. Results: Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression was not altered by atrial fibrillation, and alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression in atrial tissues was higher in patients with sinus rhythm than in those with atrial fibrillation (the percentage of cells that were alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive was 51.5 +/- 34.9% for right atria from patients in sinus rhythm vs. 16.2 +/- 15.0% for right atria from patients with atrial fibrillation) (P<.03).