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“The pathogens of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are still unclear, while accumulating evidences have indicated that both genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Recent studies suggest that AD is primarily a vascular disorder and copper (Cu) may play an important role in AD pathology. However, the consequences of chronic Cu exposure at the presence of other AD risk factors remain to be clarified. To investigate the effects of chronic Cu intake on cerebral hypoperfusion-induced AD pathology, Sprague-Dawley rats suffered bilateral common carotid artery occlusion INCB28060 chemical structure (2VO) were administrated with 250 ppm copper-containing water or not.

Morris water maze test showed that Cu exposure for 3 months exacerbated cognitive impairment induced by 2VO. Elevated amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) expression in mRNA and protein levels were also observed in brain of Cu-exposed rats suffered 2VO. In contrast, these Cu-exacerbated changes were ameliorated after

Cu was withdrawn from drinking water. In summary, our findings demonstrate that chronic Cu exposure might exacerbate AD pathology SCH727965 in 2VO rats. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Cadmium and mercury are well-known toxic heavy metals, but the basis of their toxicity is not well 4��8C understood. In this study, we analyzed the cellular response of Corynebacterium glutamicum to sublethal concentrations of cadmium and mercury ions using 2-DE and MS. Mercury induced the over-expression of 13 C. glutamicum proteins, whereas 35 proteins were induced, and 8 proteins were repressed, respectively, under cadmium stress. The principal response to these metals was protection against oxidative stress, as demonstrated by upregulation of, e.g., Mn/Zn superoxide dismutase. Thioredoxin and oxidoreductase responded most strongly to cadmium and mercury. The increased level of heat-shock proteins, enzymes involved in energy

metabolism, as well as in lipoic acid and terpenoid biosynthesis after the treatment of cells with cadmium was also registered. Identification of these proteins and their mapping into specific cellular processes enable a global understanding of the way in which C. glutamicum adapts to heavy-metal stress and may help to gain deeper insight into the toxic mechanism of these metals.”
“Neutrophils are pivotal effector cells of innate immunity. Their recruitment into peripheral tissues is indispensable for host defense. Given their destructive potential, neutrophil entry into tissue must be tightly regulated in vivo to avoid damage to the host. An array of chemically diverse chemoattractants is active on neutrophils and participates in recruitment.