Another study conducted in the Chianti area showed that, following the expansion of cultivations AZD6738 in longitudinal rows, versus continued maintenance of terraces, erosion increased by 900% during the period 1954–1976, and the annual erosion in the longitudinal vineyards was approximately 230 t/ha (Zanchi and Zanchi, 2006). As a typical example, we chose the area of Lamole, situated in the municipality of Greve in Chianti, in the province of Florence. The area is privately

owned. The geological substrate is characterized by quartzose turbidites (42%), feldspathic (27%) sandstones, with calcite (7%), phyllosilicates (24%) and silty schists, while in the south there are friable yellow and grey marls of Oligocene origin (Agnoletti et al., 2011). For this specific area, where the terracing stone

wall practice has been documented since the nineteenth century (see the detail of Fig. 7, where the year “1868” is carved in the stone), some authors have underlined a loss of approximately 40% of the terracing over the last 50 years due to less regular maintenance of the dry-stone walls (Agnoletti et al., 2011). As of today, 10% of the remaining terraces are affected by secondary successions following the abandonment of farming activities. Beginning in 2003, the restoring of the terraces and the planting of new vineyards follows an avant-garde project that aims at reaching an optimal level of mechanization as well as leaving the typical landscape elements undisturbed. However, a few months after the restoration, Ibrutinib the terraces displayed deformations and slumps that became a critical issue for the Lamole vineyards. Recently, several field surveys have been carried out using a differential GPS (DGPS) with the purpose of mapping all the terrace failure signatures that have occurred since

terraces restoration in 2003, and to better analyze the triggering mechanisms and failures through hydrologic and geotechnical instrumentation analysis. Fig. 8a Ketotifen shows an example of terrace failure surveyed in the Lamole area during the spring 2013. In addition to these evident wall slumps, several minor but significant signatures of likely instabilities and before failure wall deformations have been observed (Fig. 8b and c). The Fig. 8b shows a crack failure signature behind the stone wall, while Fig. 8c shows an evident terrace wall deformation. The research is ongoing, anyway it seems that the main problem is related both to a lack of a suitable drainage system within terraces and to the 2003 incorrect restoration of the walls that reduced the drainage capability of the traditional building technique (a more detailed description and illustrations about this problem are given in Section 3.2).