Consistent with published reports [79,80], we found that HIV-1 Selleckchem Ivacaftor infection of DC inhibited autologous T cells proliferation. This impaired T cell proliferation occurred despite the fact that HIV-1 had no effect on MHC-I expression (data not shown). This indicates that the degree of MHC-I expression does not appear to be a factor in the observed HIV-1 effects on T cell proliferation.

Because a critical aspect of immature DC physiology concerns appropriate MAPK responses to pathogenic stimulation that trigger the maturation of DC [3], we next investigated whether HIV-1 had any effect on LPS-induced MAPK signalling. Interestingly, we found that HIV-1 infection had no effect on the p38, JNK or ERK MAPK signalling pathways in immature DC or in-vitro matured DC. This was consistent with

our phenotypic observations that HIV-1 did not affect CD14 expression on DC (data not shown), which is necessary for TLR-4 recognition of bacterial LPS [3]. Despite some conflicting reports, it is generally accepted that HIV-1 inhibits DC maturation. This is based largely on the effects of HIV-1 on the expression of cell surface markers associated with the state of DC maturation. Within the present comprehensive set Idasanutlin order of experiments, not only have we confirmed that HIV-1 alters cell surface marker expression consistent with the inhibition of maturation, but for the first time have clearly linked these changes with a number of aspects of DC function (endocytosis, antigen presentation). The fact that HIV-1 interferes with important aspects of DC function has implications in both HIV-1 pathogenesis as it relates to the immunological control of HIV replication, and in the immunodeficiency and risk of opportunistic

infections associated with HIV disease. This work was supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health grant to JBA (grant no. HOP-98830). J.B.A. is supported by a Career Scientist Award from the Ontario HIV Treatment Network. None of the authors has conflicts of interest to declare, or any relevant financial interest, in any company or institution that might benefit from this publication. “
“NK cells are important components of innate and adaptive Montelukast Sodium immunity. Functionally, they play key roles in host defense against tumors and infectious pathogens. Within the past few years, genomic-scale experiments have provided us with a plethora of gene expression data that reveal an extensive molecular and biological map underlying gene expression programs. In order to better explore and take advantage of existing datasets, we review here the genomic expression profiles of NK cells and their subpopulations in resting or stimulated states, in diseases, and in different organs; moreover, we contrast these expression data to those of other lymphocytes. We have also compiled a comprehensive list of genomic profiling studies of both human and murine NK cells in this review.