Finally, the INSTINCT trial required the recruitment of a local stroke champion at each site to serve as the local principal Abiraterone clinical trial investigator and to act as a liaison between the INSTINCT trial clinical coordinating center and the health care providers at each site. Figure 1 Overview of INSTINCT trial. Process of barrier assessments and interventions at INSTINCT hospitals. Study Setting Twenty-four hospitals were randomly selected from the population of Michigan

acute care hospitals and matched into 12 pairs based on emergency department volume and number of stroke patients (See Figure ​Figure1).1). Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Hospitals that were established academic comprehensive stroke centers were excluded. Primary stroke centers were not excluded, but were relatively uncommon in the hospital sample at the time of randomization. Each pair contained an intervention site and a control site, randomly assigned. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Intervention group hospitals were 25% urban with a total aggregate annual emergency department volume of 397,193 in 2007. Rationale for qualitative inquiry An

overall goal of the qualitative inquiry was to design a process which would complement existing quality improvement Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical programs, such as Get With the Guidelines (GWTG)- Stroke[12]. While GWTG-Stroke provides important tools for measuring progress, it is limited in its specific ability to encourage clinicians to comply with guidelines Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical recommending intravenous tPA to eligible stroke patients. This is of particular importance in the United States, where emergency physicians (EPs) are typically the frontline of acute stroke care. In most U.S. practice settings, immediate access to a neurologist or stroke specialist does not exist[13]. Many decisions regarding stroke treatment, up to and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical including thrombolytic use, are made by EPs. Even in settings with access to acute stroke teams, the emergency care providers (physicians and nurses) need to recognize that the patient is having a stroke and alert the stroke team. In both instances, clinician beliefs about

the relative efficacy of stroke thrombolysis, physician expertise, past experience, and concern about adverse effects influence the efficiency and overall tone of the decision-making process. Thus, the initial relationship at the bedside between clinician and decision maker (patient or family member) considering thrombolysis for stroke is both complex and ill-defined[14]. In a large proportion of community hospitals in the United 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase States this role is most commonly filled by EPs. Overview of data collection process The qualitative data collection and analysis methods have been described in detail previously and are summarized below[15]. During design, data collection, and analysis, we adhered to the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) when possible as outlined in Table ​Table11[16]. The qualitative inquiry occurred in two phases.