For both JNK and p38, the extent of activation increased with the increase in stretch time, reached a peak at 5–30 min, and then decreased

to basal level at 60 min. To investigate whether stretch-induced JNK and p38 activation are influenced by olmesartan treatment, we examined the effect of olmesartan on cyclic mechanical stretch-induced activation of JNK and p38 in RASMCs. As shown in Fig. 4A and B, it was found that stretch-induced JNK and p38 activation Metformin research buy were significantly attenuated by olmesartan in a dose-dependent manner. To further investigate the role of JNK and p38 activation in stretch-induced RASMC death, we next examined the effects of JNK and p38 inhibitors on stretch-induced RASMC death in comparison with the effect of olmesartan. Fig. 5A compares the relative cell viability of Cobimetinib RASMCs after 4 h stretch with or without olmesartan, or JNK and p38 inhibitors. It was found that olmesartan, the JNK inhibitor (SP600125), and the p38 inhibitor (SB203580) all significantly recovered the viability of the RASMCs. Fig. 5B compares the LDH release from the RASMCs after 4 h stretch with or without olmesartan, or JNK and p38 inhibitors. Compared with the positive control, olmesartan, SP600125, and SB203580 significantly

reduced the death rate of RASMCs after 4 h stretch. These results indicate that olmesartan, tuclazepam and JNK and p38 inhibitors potentially inhibit RASMC death induced by cyclic mechanical stretch. Hypertension is known as a primary risk factor for AAD, and mechanical stretch is known to be one of the triggers for the onset of cardiovascular diseases (2) and (6). However, the mechanism of

mechanical stress transmitting signals to induce the onset of AAD is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the influence of acute mechanical stretch, which mimics an acute increase in blood pressure, on the viability of aortic SMCs, which are the main constituent cells of the medial layer of the aorta. As shown in Fig. 1A, it was observed that acute cyclic mechanical stretch-induced the death of RASMCs in a time-dependent manner, up to 4 h. These results are also supported by the findings that LDH release from RASMCs was increased continually up to 4 h (Fig. 1B). Taken together, it can be concluded that acute mechanical stretch causes SMC death, which may be a possible cause of the onset of AAD. Our findings are consistent with other reports that mechanical stretch causes smooth muscle cell death (21) and (22). On the other hand, some other researchers have reported that cyclic mechanical stretch results in cell proliferation (21). We also observed such a phenomenon when we exposed RASMCs to 24 h of stretch (data not shown).