For this individual, it was assumed that no changes were made for any outcome variable (last datapoint carried forward). Results Sample characteristics Within figure 2 a 2-month period, 113 smokers responded to our recruitment strategies, of whom 34 (30%) were consented and 31 (27%) enrolled. One individual dropped out of the study prematurely. Participants were primarily men (61%), Caucasian (81%), and with a mean age of 40.4 years (SD = 14.4). They smoked on average 23.5 cigarettes/day (SD = 8.9) and were of moderate nicotine dependence. Few (10%) had ever heard of any PREP product, and although nearly half (48%) lived with a smoker, only 39% reported having no restrictions on indoor smoking within their household. Complete demographics and smoking history are presented in Table 1; there were no differences between PREP versus control groups.

Within the PREP group, 5 participants used Ariva and 14 used Stonewall, 4 of whom later switched to Ariva. Table 1. Sample characteristics Smoking behavior and PREP use Participants using either Ariva or Stonewall reported a significant reduction in cigarettes smoked per day at both Visit 2 and Visit 3 (Figure 1A), amounting to a 40% reduction (95% CI: 24%�C55%) in the 2-week study period. Participants smoking their own cigarettes had also reported a reduction (11%), but nonsignificantly (95% CI: ?6% to 28%), and the overall interaction for Group �� Time was significant (p < .001). However, there were no significant group, time, or interaction effects on CO (Figure 1B). PREP participants used an average of 7.7 (SE = 1.7) and 7.5 (1.

2) Ariva/Stonewall lozenges per day during Week 2 and Week 3, respectively. When combined with cigarettes, total tobacco units per day remained relatively stable in both groups, with no group, time, or interaction effects present (Figure 1C). Figure 1. (A) Changes in cigarettes per day. Significant Group �� Time interaction (p < .001) (*significantly different from Visit 1, p = .002; **significantly different from Visit 1, p < .001). (B) Changes in carbon monoxide and (C) changes ... PREP participants were asked how they used the Ariva/Stonewall. Half (50%) stated that they used their PREP product ��more than a few times�� or ��frequently�� to cut down on their cigarettes smoked, whereas only 39% used it to cope with or avoid smoking restrictions.

Use of PREP was more predominant to avoid smoking restrictions at work (44%) versus at home (33%). There were no changes in withdrawal or craving in either group during the course of the study (data not shown). Participants in both groups reported Brefeldin_A a nominal and nonsignificant decrease in withdrawal over time. Motivation to quit Readiness to quit (0�C10 scale) in the next 30 days and within the next 6 months increased significantly among PREP participants but not among control participants (Figure 2A).