m. and became detectable in the samples collected at 10a.m., but their concentration levels were below 10pg/100��g of proteins. Statistical comparisons of the IRSF that were detected at both time-points showed significantly higher concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1��, IL-7 and IL-9 at 10a.m. compared with 4p.m. The http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Sorafenib-Tosylate.html largest increase was observed in IL-1��, which changed from 43.9pg/100��g at 4p.m. to 94.9pg/100��g of protein at 10a.m. (Table (Table22 and Figure Figure1).1). The chemokines and CSF eotaxin, MIG and VEGF also showed higher concentration values at 10a.m., while MCP-1 and MIP-1�� had lower values at this time-point as compared with the samples collected at 4p.m. The largest decline in chemokine concentration was observed in MIP-1��, which dropped from 300 to 154pg/100��g of protein (Table (Table2).

2). Therefore, a subset of IRSF expression appears to be regulated by circadian mechanisms. Figure 1 Analysis of immune response-associated soluble factors expression in fetal brain homogenates after maternal innate immune activation. Pregnant mice received a single i.p. injection of poly(I:C) or PBS on GD16 and were killed 6h and 24h … Activation of maternal innate immune response by poly(I:C) caused a rapid and significant increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-7 (205%) and IL-13 (356%) 6h after treatment compared with PBS-treated animals (Table (Table22 and Figure Figure1).1). The cytokines IL-1��, IL-9, IL-15, IL-17 and IL-10 were not substantially affected 6h after poly(I:C) injection.

The concentration levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-7 and IL-13 remained stable 24h after injection. By contrast, IL-1�� was significantly up-regulated (34%) at this later time-point, suggesting that the induction of this cytokine required a longer time to develop and is presumably more persistent. It should be noted that IL-1�� was the only cytokine significantly up-regulated at 24h post-poly(I:C) treatment and showed the highest level of expression in fetal brain homogenates (127pg/100��g of protein). IL-9 was also present at a high concentration in brain samples (128pg/100��g of protein) but its expression Batimastat levels were unaffected by poly(I:C). Poly(I:C) also induced a significant change in chemokine and CSF concentrations in the fetal brain, including IP-10, MIG, VEGF, MCP-1 and MIP-1��. Interestingly, poly(I:C) induced the up-regulation of the subset of IRSF detected in control fetal brain, indicating that poly(I:C) and/or maternal innate immune activation modulate expression levels of IRSF already present in the fetal brain.