Measuring progress and adapting will require monitoring shrub-steppe status, cheatgrass, and alternative energy development. We will emphasize measures of ecosystem integrity that were selected as sensitive to climate factors to assess buy Ponatinib the impacts of change directly to habitats. We will monitor the success of cheatgrass abatement as well as the plant’s response to changing climate conditions to evaluate future

control needs. We will develop intermediate measures of progress toward favorable renewable energy development that will allow us to adapt this strategy following implementation. Examples for each step are from the Moses Coulee Arid Lands project in Eastern Washington, USA (TNC 2007) Each of the 20 project LDE225 mw teams documented their work, recording and reporting

information about project location and size, focal ecosystems and species, likely climate impacts, and their adaptation strategies. This information is presented in detail in Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 available online. We used this information to compile summary data and to draw general conclusions and insights about the emerging practice of climate adaptation. Whenever possible, we summarized data and attributions reported directly by project teams, e.g., whether actions were new or adjusted from previous strategies, and cost estimates for adaptation strategies. In other cases, we classified attributes of the climate impacts and adaptation strategies based on our interpretation of narrative information provided by project teams. Results and discussion Adaptation strategies were developed for 20 large-scale conservation

projects from North America, Central America, South America, Asia, and the Pacific Islands (Table 1). Projects’ areas ranged from 24,000 hectares (Chongming Dongtan Estuary, China) to more than 200 million hectares (Western Arctic, Alaska, USA and Canada). Projects spanned a diversity of habitats Exoribonuclease from large marine systems to coastal estuaries, lakes and rivers, forests, grasslands, aridlands, and montane and alpine ecosystems. While there was an emphasis on habitats and ecosystems in this analysis, six projects also targeted one or more individual species when considering climate impacts or developing adaptation strategies. We report on three groups of findings from this effort: (1) the character of specific climate change impacts identified by the project teams (i.e., Table 2, Step 2—Formulate specific ecological “hypotheses of change”); (2) anticipated changes to the projects’ focal ecosystems and species as a result of these collective impacts (i.e., Table 2, Step 5—Evaluate if potential climate impacts fundamentally change the project); and (3) the objectives and actions of climate adaptation strategies to address the potential impacts (i.e., Table 2, Step 6—Develop adaptation strategies and evaluate their feasibility and cost).