Modest bone size changes were observed, although the trend appears to change from greater bone size in young obese mice to smaller bone size in adult obese mice as compared to their respective lean controls. Both the bone size and surface-based bone turnover investigations are in agreement with the reversing serum IGF-I concentration, smaller in young and trending larger in adults. These observations are in agreement with human fracture incidence data where increasing fracture rates accompany diabetic obesity. Factors HSP inhibitor such as hormone levels and blood glucose levels dramatically influence the effects of obesity on bone, and may even cancel
out the compensatory mechanisms such as the tendency of bone to increase its size in response to increasing body size. Acknowledgments This study was supported
by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), funded by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC02-05CH11231 (for SSIM, JWA III, ROR). Animal study work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under grant nos. RO1-DE019284 (for TA) and RO1-60540, 68152 (for JMW, CV), as well as the American Heart Association, grant nos. selleck chemicals llc CDA 740041N (for JMW, CV) and 0825215F (for JMW). Bone histomorphometry was supported by NIH grants RO1-AR43052, AR048841 (for MS, WY, NEL). AGE accumulation analysis was supported by NIH grant no. F32-059497-01 (for ST). We acknowledge the laboratories of R. Ramesh at UC Berkeley and S. Robinson at Beckman Institute (UI Urbana-Champaign, IL) where the SEM work was performed. Conflicts of interest None. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and BKM120 cost source are credited. References 1. Flegal selleckchem KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL (2002) Prevalence and trends in obesity among
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