Resting

Resting Ricolinostat nmr muscle glycogen levels were comparable with previously published carbohydrate loading protocols [25]. Supplementation with whey protein isolates does not further increase resting muscle glycogen levels when selleck adequate CHO (8 g . kg-1. bw/day) is consumed on a daily basis, followed by CHO loading prior to competition. However, glycogen resynthesis at the end of 6 h recovery was enhanced for the CHO + WPI trial and not the CHO trial. Earlier studies have shown co-ingestion of whey proteins with carbohydrate

consumed during exercise and recovery period to augment muscle glycogen synthesis during the recovery period [26–28]. These studies used suboptimal levels of carbohydrate (< 0.8 g . kg-1. bw/h) ingestion required for maximal glycogen synthesis rates during recovery, suggesting co-ingestion of CHO + WPI may only be beneficial for muscle glycogen resynthesis when insufficient CHO is consumed. However, the current study has also shown benefits of the addition of whey protein isolates even when optimal CHO is ingested. Jentjens et al. [21] found co-ingestion of an amino acid mixture in combination with a large carbohydrate intake (1.2 g . kg-1. bw/h) during recovery accentuates plasma insulin concentrations. The current study demonstrated increased insulin at 180 min of recovery following ingestion

VDA chemical inhibitor of the CHO + WPI sports beverage and a sustained elevation of insulin levels over a longer time. Whey protein isolates are insulinotrophic (the ability to stimulate the production of insulin) compared to caseins and other proteins of vegetable origin [29, 30]. Whey protein

isolates have been shown to induce an insulin response independent of carbohydrate co-ingestion [31]. Previous studies have suggested increased insulin levels to be one of the main mechanisms to increase muscle glycogen levels, via stimulation of glucose transporters in the muscle to increase glucose uptake along with the action of glycogen synthase [28, 32]. Glycogen synthase mRNA expression was not increased in this study, indicative of a lack of stimulus for enhanced glycogen synthesis. However, the increased plasma insulin during recovery in the CHO + WPI trial may explain the enhanced recovery of muscle glycogen Verteporfin clinical trial observed in the current study. The earlier reduction in plasma glucose concentration in the CHO + WPI trial (after 40 min) compared to CHO alone (after 60 min) supports this observation. Insulin may also play a role in enhancing net protein balance by attenuating protein degradation [33]. Morrison et al. [34] examined the effect of endurance exercise and nutrition (CHO, protein and CHO + protein) on the signal transduction pathways involved in mRNA translation; the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and three of its dependent signalling proteins: ribosomal protein s6 kinase- 1 (p70s6k), ribosomal protein S6 (rps6) and elongation initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 (4E-BP1).

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