Results: Sample size was 684 (response rate-67.9%), mean age was 37.1 +/- 5.9 years and 36.0% were males. Mean duration of diabetes was 5.2 +/- 4.0 years. Previous retinal screening selleckchem had been done in 51.0% by a non-specialist doctor and in 41.5% by a consultant ophthalmologist. Rate of any degree of DR in the study population was 18.1% (Males 16.4%, Females 20.0%; P = NS). In patients with DR, majority had mild Non-Proliferative DR (NPDR) (57.2%), while 32.2% had moderate NPDR,

0.8% had severe NPDR and 9.7% had maculopathy. Mean age, duration of diabetes, systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), FBG, HbA1c and urine microalbumin levels were significantly higher amongst the patients with DR. The results Selleckchem SRT1720 of the binary logistic regression indicate that

the duration of diabetes (OR: 1.24), HbA1c (OR: 1.19), age (OR: 1.11), urine Microalbumin (OR: 1.11) and DBP (OR: 1.04) all were significantly associated with DR.

Conclusions: In this large multi center study, nearly one in five adults with young-onset diabetes was found to have retinopathy. Age, duration of diabetes, HbA1C and urine Microalbumin levels were significantly associated with the presence of retinopathy, while HbA1c was also a significant factor determining severity. Nearly 50% of the study population has never undergone retinal screening by an ophthalmologist, highlighting the need for well organized screening programs.”
“In this work, dilute sulphuric acid prehydrolysis of residual empty pods of Moringa oleifera fruits was investigated as pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. In experiments performed at 130-190 degrees C for 10-30 min, corresponding to a severity range between log R-0=1.9 and log R-0=4.2, the effect of pretreatment conditions on the recovery of polysaccharides and on the enzymatic convertibility of cellulose was evaluated. Overall cellulose

recovery was above 95% in the pretreatments performed at 130 and 160 degrees C, and between 87 and 90% in the pretreatments at 190 degrees C, while xylan recovery in the most severe pretreatments was only 24.7-50.2%. The highest sugar concentration in the acid prehydrolysates (15.0 LCL161 cost g/L) was obtained in the pretreatment performed at 160 degrees C and 20 min. The formation of degradation products was low at mild pretreatment conditions, but it increased with the severity. Furfural concentration reached 4.04 g/L at log R-0=3.1 and decreased again with a further increase of the pretreatment severity. HMF, formic acid and levulinic acid were formed only in the most severe pretreatments. The pretreatment was effective for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose, and the highest conversion (84.3%) was achieved in the material pretreated at mid severity (log R-0=3.1). (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.