Similar results were found in the ADVANCE study.26 This issue, however, remains somewhat unclear however, with a recent meta-analysis27 demonstrating a significant reduction in coronary events with intensive glucose monitoring although there was no reduction in all-cause mortality or stroke. Although it is clear Acalabrutinib cost that metformin has excellent hypoglycaemic efficacy, its durability of effect, while greater than that of sulphanylureas, may not be as sustained as that of thiazolidinediones.28 Demonstration of a

survival benefit with different hypoglycaemic medications is difficult because of the ability to adequately power studies and is confounded by factors such as glycaemic control. Nevertheless, there are suggestions of a survival benefit associated with metformin. In the UKPDS study,24 newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity were randomized to intensive treatment

with a sulphonylurea or insulin, or metformin compared with conventional treatment with 5-Fluoracil order diet. Patients allocated to intensive glycaemic control with metformin showed a greater benefit than intensive treatment with sulphonylureas or insulin for any diabetic-related outcome and for all-cause mortality (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.55–0.97) with a number needed to treat of 19 to prevent one case of all-cause mortality. In comparison to the placebo arm in this trial, the use of metformin was associated with a significant reduction in diabetes-related Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase death and all-cause mortality although this was somewhat confounded by differences in glycaemic control. Macrovascular disease is prevalent in patients with diabetes mellitus and the commonest cause of mortality.29 There is increasing evidence that metformin use results in a reduction in cardiovascular events although this effect may not be clinically apparent for many years. A recently

published follow-up study of UKPDS30 studied patients for a further 5 years with no attempt made to maintain their previously assigned therapy. While the differences in glycaemic control between the two groups were lost in the follow-up phase, as more events emerged over time, there was a significant reduction in the risk of myocardial infarction with metformin of 33%, and a 30% reduction in diabetes-related death compared with those in the original conventionally treated arm. In a smaller study, patients with type 2 diabetes on insulin randomized to the addition of either metformin or placebo31 had a 39% reduction in macrovascular events with a number needed to treat of 16 (CI 9.2–66.6).