strain FB24: chrJ, chrK, and chrL. Future work should focus on elucidating the exact physiological function of these genes. However, our research is an important first step in characterizing potential regulatory networks controlling efflux-mediated chromate resistance. We further illustrate the value of examining the genomic context of already characterized metal resistance genes in identifying Pevonedistat research buy new players in metal resistance

mechanisms. Methods Bacterial strains and growth conditions Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 3. Arthrobacter strains were cultured in 0.1X or 0.2X nutrient broth (NB) [Difco, Sparks, MD], Luria-Bertani (LB) medium pH 7.0, or modified Xenobiotic Basal Medium (mXBM). Modified XBM contained 10 mM glycerol phosphate, 10 mM KNO3, 6.0 mM NH4NO3, 0.01 mM CaCl2, 2 ml L-1 of EDTA Fe Citrate Solution [7.4 mM FeCl3, 11.4 mM Na2EDTA, 12.8 mM sodium citrate (C6H5O7Na3), 100 mM MgSO4, 5% NH4Cl2, 0.05 M CaCl2, 1.0 M NaCl, 1 M NaHCO3], 10 ml L-1 of vitamin solution (see Jerke [48] and Additional file 4 for components), 1 ml L-1 SL-7 trace elements [49], with

glucose (1.7 mM) as a carbon and energy source. Table 3 Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study. Strain or plasmid Description Reference Arthrobacter        FB24 CrR [6] PD0332991 cost    D11 CrS derivative of FB24 This work E. coli   Methocarbamol      JM110 dam – dcm – Stratagene Plasmids

    pAOWA10128 7.3 kb Liproxstatin-1 research buy insert in pMCL200 obtained from DOE-JGI. Contains Arth_4248-Arth_4254. DOE-JGI pBluescript II SK+ 3.0 kb, ApR, lacZ, used for sublconing inserts prior to ligation into pART2. Promega pART2 4.6 kb, KmR, pCG100 ori, ColE1 ori, vector for expression in Arthrobacter [55] pKH11 10.6 kb PCR product from FB24 plasmid 3 (CP000457) containing Arth_4247-4255 in pBluescript II SK+ This worka pKH12 Insert from pKH11 cloned into pART2 This work pKH21 7.3 kb insert from pAOWA10128 in pBluescript II SK+ This work pKH22 Insert from pKH21 cloned into pART2 This work pKH32 3.7 kb EcoRI-KpnI fragment from pKH21 cloned into pART2. Contains Arth_4248-4249. This work pKH42 3.8 kb XhoI-BglII fragment from pKH21 cloned into pART2. Contains Arth_4251-Arth_4254. This work pKH52 8.3 kb insert from MluI-BglII digest of pKH11 to delete Arth_4252 and Arth_4252 cloned into pART2 This work pKH62 pKH22 digested with SfiI to delete Arth_4249-Arth_4252. This work pKH72 pKH12 digested with ScaI and XbaI to delete Arth_4247. This work aA schematic of each construct is presented in Figure 3. Induction of Cr(VI) resistance genes was assessed in Arthrobacter sp. strain FB24 cells by culturing in 150 ml NB to early mid-log phase (OD600, 0.3) at 30°C with shaking at 200 rpm. Cells were harvested by centrifugation, washed once with 0.2X NB and suspended in 15 ml 0.2X NB.