The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE, 2011), in its 2008 position on SHS, concluded that a smoking ban was the only means of effectively eliminating indoor exposure to SHS and ��no sellekchem other engineering approaches, including current and advanced dilution ventilation or air cleaning technologies, have been demonstrated or should be relied upon to control health risk from ETS exposure���� (ASHRAE, 2008). Separation of smokers from nonsmokers, ventilation systems, air cleaning, and filtration are all ineffective strategies to eliminate SHS exposure and its harmful effects. The tobacco industry has been supporting each of these ineffective strategies, especially the accommodation strategy, at different levels worldwide (Aguinaga Bialous, Pressman, Gigliotti, Muggli, & Hurt, 2010; Bialous & Glantz, 2002; Campbell & Balbach, 2011; Dearlove, Bialous, & Glantz, 2002; Drope, Bialous, & Glantz, 2004; Sebrie & Glantz, 2007).

Increasing evidence also indicates that SHS can infiltrate from separated smoking into nonsmoking areas in multifamily dwellings (Bohac, Hewett, Hammond, & Grimsrud, 2011; King, Travers, Cummings, Mahoney, & Hyland, 2010; Kraev, Adamkiewicz, Hammond, & Spengler, 2009). Furthermore, air monitoring results (using particulate matter [PM] and airborne nicotine levels as SHS markers) have consistently proven the industry��s ��accommodation program�� and partial smoking restrictions to be ineffective in bars, restaurants, and casinos (Agbenyikey et al., 2011; Akbar-Khanzadeh, Milz, Ames, Spino, & Tex, 2004; Barnoya, Mendoza-Montano, & Navas-Acien, 2007; Erazo et al.

, 2010; Jiang et al., 2011; Kim, Sohn, & Lee, 2010; Lambert, Samet, & Spengler, 1993; Milz et al., 2007; Repace, 2009; Repace et al., 2011). Since the main reason for smoke-free environments is the health consequences of SHS exposure, research was instrumental in documenting the ineffectiveness of ventilation systems. The ventilation rate required to reduce SHS to ��acceptable�� levels of cancer risk would have to be increased 22,500 times compared with current ventilation standards (Repace, 2005; Repace & Johnson, 2006). The Tobacco Industry and Smoke-Free Environments Previously secret industry documents became available for free as a result of litigation in the 1990s in the United States (http://legacy.library.ucsf.

edu/about/about_collections.jsp). These expose the industry��s strategies to prevent and obstruct the spread of smoke-free laws, investing in multimillion-dollar campaigns to confuse the public and slow down the Batimastat rate of decline in cigarette consumption and social acceptability of smoking (Glantz, Barnes, Bero, Hanauer, & Slade, 1995; Muggli, Hurt, & Blanke, 2003). Worldwide, the industry has secretly hired consultants, sponsored symposia, financed research, and engaged in lobbying in order to fuel the controversy on the relationship between SHS and disease (Barnoya & Glantz, 2002; Hammond & Assunta, 2003; Muggli et al.