The apparent disparity between postmovement MEFI response and muscle activities we found may be explained similarly. The presence of MEFII and MEFIII components

has been reported in several studies (Nagamine et al. 1994; Hoshiyama et al. 1997; Kristeva-Feige et al. 1997; Cheyne et al. 2006), but few studies have provided precise estimates for the source location of these components and their physiological significance remains largely unknown. Using Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical an event-related beam-forming approach, Cheyne et al. (2006) have shown that the MEFII component reflects a second activation of the precentral gyrus in close vicinity to the anterior wall of the central sulcus, implying that this component reflects motor outputs relating to the control of ongoing movement such as contraction of the first antagonist muscles or subsequent second

Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical agonist activation. However, under the present task, activation of antagonist muscles was not required as discussed above and, in fact, compound spike potentials from the antagonist muscles were weak (Fig. ​(Fig.4).4). Therefore, the MEFII and perhaps also the MEFIII response, seem to be independent of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the generation of control actions of antagonist muscles. The apparent disparity between MEFs and muscle excitations may reflect the independence of neuronal activities in the motor cortex from muscle excitations following the first agonist burst. Following the first agonist burst, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the central generation of subsequent control actions for antagonist muscles may shift from cortical to subcortical system dependence (Flament and Hore 1986; Hore et al. 1991). Among many possibilities, the cerebellum may subserve the optimization of ongoing movements following first agonist activity by using sensory information (Jueptner et al. 1997; Schwarz and Their Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 1995; see also MacKinnon and Rothwell 2000). The neural basis of the MRCF waveform In our movement task, reciprocal drive was not given to antagonist muscles, whereas the MRCFs exhibited their own rhythm independently of antagonistic muscles’ activation, suggesting

that a series of activations arises in an area in the precentral gyrus without inputs from the periphery for the second or third MRCF components. Here, we would Nature Reviews Genetics like to briefly discuss the mechanisms underlying this finding. The intrinsic properties of cortical neurons and/or the resonant neuronal circuits among many cortical and subcortical areas may underly the generation of an alternating pattern of MRCF waveforms. Extracellular field potentials are generated by neuronal dipoles created within elongated dendritic fields, aligned in parallel arrays. Cortical pyramidal cells with their long apical dendrites are the typical example of dipole generators. The current sink is the site of net depolarization, and the source is the site of normal membrane Temozolomide chemical structure polarity or of hyperpolarization.