The data buy Epacadostat retention of approximately 103 s is also observed under a low operation current of 1 nA (Figure  9b). The resistance ratio is approximately 102. Further study is needed to improve the cross-point resistive switching memory characteristics under low-current operation. In addition, the read pulse endurances of LRS and HRS are more than 105 cycles with a large resistance ratio of >104, and both resistance states are very stable without significant resistance variation for a retention test of more than 104 s under a CC of 50 μA (not shown here), which can be applicable for future low-power high-density nonvolatile memory applications. Figure 9 Switching cycles and data retention. (a) Repeatable

switching cycles and (b) data retention of the Cu/GeO x /W cross-point memory devices under a low CC of 1 nA. Conclusions Resistive switching memory

characteristics using Cu and Al TEs on the GeO GDC-0994 x /W cross-point memory devices have been compared. Improved memory characteristics of the Cu/GeO x /W structures under low current varying from 1 nA to 50 μA and a low voltage operation of ±2 V are observed MI-503 supplier as compared to those of the Al/GeO x /W structures. These cross-point memory structures are observed by HRTEM. The formation of AlO x layer with a thickness of approximately 5 nm at the Al/GeO x interface is observed, which is unstable to control the resistive switching phenomena. The RESET current scalability is observed for Cu TE, while it is high (>1 mA) and independent for the Al TE with CCs varying from

1 nA to 500 μA. Superior resistive switching memory performances in terms of high resistance ratio (102 to 104 under bipolar and approximately 108 under unipolar modes), long pulse endurance of >105 cycles under a CC of 50 μA, and good scalability potential are observed for the Cu/GeO x /W cross-point memory devices. Repeatable switching cycles and data retention of 103 s are also observed under a low CC of 1 nA. This study is important for high-density low-power 3D architecture in the future. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the National Science Council (NSC), Taiwan, under contract numbers NSC-101-2221-E-182-061 and NSC-102-2221-E-182-057-MY2. References 1. Sawa A: Resistive switching in transition metal oxides. Mater Today Resveratrol 2008, 11:28.CrossRef 2. Kim DC, Seo S, Ahn SE, Suh DS, Lee MJ, Park BH, Yoo IK, Baek IG, Kim HJ, Yim EK, Lee JE, Park SO, Kim HS, Chung UI, Moon JT, Ryu BI: Electrical observations of filamentary conductions for the resistive memory switching in NiO films. Appl Phys Lett 2006, 88:202102.CrossRef 3. Waser R, Aono M: Nanoionics-based resistive switching memories. Nat Mater 2007, 6:833.CrossRef 4. Sun X, Li G, Chen L, Shi Z, Zhang W: Bipolar resistance switching characteristics with opposite polarity of Au/SrTiO 3 /Ti memory cells. Nanoscale Res Lett 2011, 6:599.CrossRef 5.