The number of diseased leaves and internodes (out of 15) per sampling unit was better fitted by the beta-binomial than the binomial distribution in 67% and 91% of the cases, respectively. The index of aggregation was significantly >1 for 78% and 98% of the cases for

diseased leaves and internodes, respectively. These results indicated aggregation of this disease Tamoxifen chemical structure at an individual vine scale (or lower). Conversely, there was little evidence of aggregation at scales larger than a vine (e.g. disease foci extending beyond individual vines) for most vineyards based on Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE). SADIE analysis suggested a random pattern of the count of diseased leaves and internodes in the majority (>86%) of the cases. Based on SADIE,

there was significant (P ≤ 0.05) evidence of association between leaf and internode selleck disease counts per vineyard in 75% of cases, indicating that the dispersal of inoculum from the previously infected wood tissues (canes) affected both leaf and internode in the same manner. In contrast, association of disease counts from one year to the next was only significant in approximately 15% of the cases, indicating the difficulty in predicting the level of disease in a section of a vineyard based on the previous year’s observations alone. “
“Eyespot disease caused by the soil-borne facultative fungi Oculimacula yallundae and O. acuformis is the major component of the stem-base disease complex of wheat in temperate regions of the world with a cool Thiamet G and wet climate. In this review, we focus on results of genetic studies concerning both partners of the host–pathogen interaction. This comprises analyses of genetic diversity of the pathogen and identification of particular genes within it, evaluation and screening methods for host resistance, resistance sources and genetics of these resistances, breeding of resistant cultivars in wheat, and application of genetic markers in tagging and tracking of eyespot resistance genes. We also attempt to foresee

some of the key issues and developments that may occur in future. The identification of markers tightly linked to eyespot resistance genes is the important research focus opening the door to marker-assisted selection of resistant varieties. “
“This study investigated the effect of silicon (Si) on the resistance of rice plants of the cv. ‘Primavera’ cultivar that were grown in a nutrient solution with 0 (−Si) or 2 mm (+Si) Si to leaf scald, which is caused by Monographella albescens. The leaf Si concentration increased in the +Si plants (4.8 decag/kg) compared to the −Si plants (0.9 decag/kg), contributing to a reduced expansion of the leaf scald lesions. The extent of the cellular damage that was caused by the oxidative burst in response to the infection by M. albescens was reduced in the +Si plants, as evidenced by the reduced concentration of malondialdehyde.