The physical properties were follows: Young’s modulus of platinum and Nafion? were 168 GPa and 275 MPa, respectively. Poisson’s ratio of platinum and Nafion? were 0.38 and 0.487, respectively. All the physical parameters are listed in Table 1.Figure 2.The structure compound libraries and ANSYS? element model of a cantilever beam shaped IPMC with the actuation mechanisms. Red and blue arrows stand for compressive and tensile stress. This configuration shows IPMC bent toward the anode.Table 1.The physical parameters.From the simulation of the FEM by varying the length and width of IPMC and the half thickness of Nafion?, as shown in Figure 3, with surface stress equal to 100 Pa, we could derive the relation of surface stress to tip displacement. According to this Figure, we try to determine Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the effects of the geometry on the tip displacement.
This result leads to Equation (1):sansys��L2h?1?P(1)where Sansys is the simulated max tip displacement,
Laser beam welding is a well established joining technique for several applications in both the aerospace [1,2] and automotive industries [3�C5], by using different traditional sources, such as CO2 or Nd:YAG lasers. Recently, new high power fiber lasers [6,7] Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries are receiving increasing attention in this field, thanks to their high efficiency, high power and unique beam quality. The relationship between process parameters and the final weld quality is very complex. The influence of the process parameters, including laser power, welding speed, focal point position, nozzle configuration and protection gas flow on the weld quality has been explored in recent papers by using, for example, post-process analysis of local deformation during tensile tests [8].
For these reasons, in-process monitoring is a very critical issue to avoid time-consuming post-process analysis and to obtain in-specification products at Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries the highest production rates, by using for example CMOS camera based monitoring systems [9] or the heat radiation intensity collected from the laser irradiated area as an in-process monitoring signal [10,11]. In recent Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries years, a lot of studies Drug_discovery have been focused on monitoring of quality of the welded joints. Most of these methods rely on photodiode-based systems that acquire and analyze the electromagnetic emissions generated during the interaction of the laser beam with the materials [12,13].
The phenomena related to the optical emission of the laser-induced plume have been also widely investigated to develop innovative spectroscopic systems [14�C16]. During the CO2 laser welding process, a plasma plume is generated above and inside the keyhole, which emits an intense optical radiation. sellekchem Direct observation of the internal plasma is prevented by the presence of the plasma plume residing above the keyhole, as shown by Zhang et al. [17], while the optical emission from the plasma above the keyhole can be easily observed by suitable detectors [14,16].