There has been a large increase in reports of haemolysis to the Canada vigilance programme in the last 3 years; it is not clear whether this is due to increased IgG use, changes in prescribing practice, higher dose infusions or increased 5-Fluoracil concentration vigilance. Desborough et al. [11] reviewed all published cases of haemolysis following IgG infusion and also reports made to vigilance

authorities in North America and Europe between January 1998 and May 2012. They documented 925 reported cases and 34 recorded deaths in these individuals. If every death was associated with the reported haemolytic event, this would represent a case fatality rate of 0·3%; however, the review does not confirm whether or not this is the case. The predominant mechanism thought to be responsible for haemolysis following IgG therapy involves anti-A or anti-B isoagglutinins in gammaglobulin preparations. As type O is the most predominant blood type across all ethnic groups, it is logical to assume that anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinins will be found in significant Opaganib in vivo concentrations in a pooled plasma

product. The review by Desborough et al. [11] investigated 62 published cases of haemolysis, and of these identified 40 in patients with blood type A and 16 in patients with type AB, indicating the importance of type A as a target antigen in these patients. The presence of one reported case in a type B patient, and another with type O,

suggest that haemolysis could also have been associated with other specificities such as anti-D. Almost all DCLK1 cases were reported in patients receiving high-dose anti-inflammatory IgG therapy. It should be noted that death directly associated with haemolysis did not occur in these reported cases. The principal risk factor for haemolysis is non-O blood type. Antigen density on red blood cells may be another risk factor, as may the non-secretor phenotype. Further investigation is required to ascertain whether non-A/B antibodies contribute. Macrophage activation and inflammation are also probably implicated, and pre-existing haemolytic disease may be another risk factor. The events also occur more frequently after high-dose infusion, >1·5–2 g/kg over 1–5 days, with 45% of reported cases occurring after a 2–3 g/kg dose. Currently, specifications for IgG products in the United States and the European Union set an antibody limit of ≤1:64 in a direct haemagglutinin assay [12], and precautionary labelling of these products is also in use. Research is currently ongoing to identify ways to reduce the amount of agglutinin in the final product: affinity extraction is currently under investigation, but is not yet widely used. It is also important to monitor the fraction of type O donors contributing to the product, as a larger proportion of type O will lead to a larger proportion of agglutinins in the final product.