This resolves an outstanding question in the memory profile of London taxi drivers following hippocampal

this website plasticity, and underlines the close relationship between space and the hippocampus. NeuroReport 23: 885-888 (C) c 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori causes a spectrum of gastro-duodenal diseases, which may be mediated in part by the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) constitutively shed by the pathogen. We aimed to determine the proteome of H. pylori OMV to help evaluate the mechanisms whereby these structures confer their known immuno-modulatory and cytotoxic activities to host cells, as such disease-associated activities are also conferred by the bacterium from which the vesicles are derived. We also evaluated the effect of the OMV on gastric/colonic epithelial cells, duodenal explants and neutrophils. A proteomic analysis of the OMV proteins separated by SDS-PAGE from two strains of H. pylori (J99 and NCTC 11637)

was undertaken and 162 OMV-associated proteins were identified in 199 and 91 in NCTC 11637 by LC-MS/MS. The vesicles are rich in membrane proteins, porins, adhesins and several molecules known to modulate chemokine secretion, selleck chemicals cell proliferation and other host cellular processes. Further, the OMVs are also vehicles for the carriage of the cytotoxin-associated gene A cytotoxin in addition to the previously documented toxin, vacuolating cytotoxin. Taken together, it is evident from the proteome of H. pylori OMV that these structures are equipped with the molecules required to interact with host cells in a manner not dissimilar from the intact pathogen.”
“Physical activity has been shown to enhance circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) 4��8C in animals and humans. However, the exact time course

and sex-specific modulation of peripheral BDNF in response to exercise are still poorly understood. We examined the kinetics of BDNF serum concentrations in response to perceived high-intensity and low-intensity exercise, and during a subsequent recovery period by taking several blood samples during each phase. Furthermore, we compared the BDNF concentration between young men and women taking oral contraceptives. We found transient BDNF elevations during physical activity only for the high-intensity condition. Here, BDNF reached its maximum serum concentration after 20 min of exercise, and returned to baseline after approximately 10 min of recovery. Although there were no sex differences during baseline or recovery, the increase in the BDNF concentration during the exercise phase was more pronounced in men than in women. NeuroReport 23: 889-893 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.