Three studies had multiple intervention arms for one behaviour. In total, this yielded 16 interventions for the dietary meta-analysis, 12 interventions for physical activity meta-analysis and 17 for smoking meta-analysis. Each study randomised between 27 and 2549 participants, Alvespimycin yielding a total of exactly 17 000 participants across the 35 studies. Of the 34 studies

specifying participants’ sex, 19 targeted women exclusively and no study sampled only men. Women formed 72.4% of all participants. Mean average age of participants was 38.6, this ranged from 22.0 to 66.2 across study subgroups. Intervention content The content of interventions varied from provision of tailored self-help materials, to individual counselling or group programmes, but was often complex and poorly described (see online supplementary table S1). Control groups in the intervention tended to receive usual care, a less intense version of the intervention or an inactive version (eg, non-tailored materials). Intervention duration varied from a single episode to 2 years; the mode duration was 3 months. The intervention facilitator was described in 18 studies. In 13 studies this was either a routine healthcare provider such as a nurse or general medical practitioner, or

a ‘non-routine’ healthcare provider such as a psychologist, dietician or smoking counsellor. Of the remaining five studies, the facilitator was a peer educator in three studies and a study administrator in two. Intervention outcomes Twenty-one studies assessed the behavioural outcome using self-report; 14 studies included an objective measure relating to behaviour such as biochemically confirmed smoking cessation. For dietary interventions, the primary outcome was fruit and vegetables consumed,

grams of fat, dietary risk assessment score (which estimates saturated fat and cholesterol intake) or calories from fat consumed per day. For physical activity, studies reported a wider range of outcomes including mean number of minutes or hours of moderate physical activity per week, metres walked in 6 min, or metabolic equivalent minutes of activity per week. Smoking studies reported the number of participants who were abstinent from smoking, such as for the past 7 days, postpartum or for the previous 6 months. Studies Brefeldin_A differed in the delay between end of the intervention and most proximal assessment: this ranged from a few hours up to 8 months. Fourteen studies included follow-up data beyond the end of intervention time point. Overall 19.8% participants did not complete final assessments. Risk of bias within studies Online supplementary table S2 details the risk of bias assessment of the included studies. Risk of bias was variable.