We would also like to thank Xiaoliu Zhou, Tao Jia, and Ryan Hennings for measuring the urinary BPA concentrations. “
“Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have gained considerable attention as environmental LDN-193189 purchase pollutants due to their persistence, their bioaccumulative potential (Kelly et al.,

2009 and Martin et al., 2004b) and their toxic properties. They have been associated with liver toxicity and developmental toxicity in laboratory animals (Lau et al., 2007), and immunotoxicity in both laboratory and wild animals (DeWitt et al., 2012 and Kannan et al., 2006). PFAAs are released into the environment, both directly from manufacturing and indirectly through products such as surfactants and surface protectors (Paul et al., 2008 and Prevedouros et al., 2006). Due to their unique properties of being both water and oil repellent, perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoralkyl substances are extensively used in a wide range of industrial and consumer applications, such as nonstick coatings on cookware, some waterproof clothes, and in fire-fighting

foams. Two fluorinated compound classes, the perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and sulfonic acids (PFSAs) have been studied substantially in recent years. Members of both classes are globally distributed and have been detected in wildlife as well as in humans (Gamberg et al., 2005, Giesy and Kannan, 2001, Houde et al., 2011, Kannan et al., 2001 and Kärrman et al., 2007). In addition to direct emission, several precursor compounds have been identified as an indirect source of PFCAs and PFSAs in environmental matrices PCI-32765 supplier (Young and Mabury, 2010). So far, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have been subjected

to most attention as they are among the most toxic PFAAs (Kudo and Kawashima, 2003 and Lau et al., 2004) and have been found at relatively high levels (Houde et al., 2006b). In 2009, PFOS was added to the Stockholm convention list of persistent organic pollutants (Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 2009) and the largest producer of PFOS-based products, the 3M company, phased out their production by 2002 (3M, 2000). The replacement compound for PFOS is perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) (3M, 2002), Telomerase which seems to be less potent in rat toxicity tests (Lieder et al., 2009) and has a shorter half-life in human and rat serum (Olsen et al., 2009) than PFOS. However, compared to PFOS and PFOA, the bioaccumulation and toxicity of PFBS have been less investigated, although the literature is increasing. The wild American mink has been acknowledged as a useful sentinel species for chemical pollution and related health effects (Basu et al., 2007 and Persson et al., 2012). The arguments are mainly that it is a semi-aquatic top predator with a widespread distribution and it can, especially where it is an invasive species, be captured in large numbers.