, 2011). Our results on the distribution of pathogenic rickettsiae in patients showed that the rural population

is at risk for tick-borne rickettsioses. Using IFA, we identified F. tularensis ssp. tularensis (biogroup palearctica) as a possible origin of the disease of a man (no. 2) from the city of Levice. He was clinically diagnosed as suffering from rickettsiosis, which gave certain evidence of disease symptom similarities to disease caused by these two representatives. A comparable case was described in France (Fournier et al., 1998a). We also detected serum reactive to Bo. burgdorferi and Bo. recurrentis using IFA (Nos 5 and 18). Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies are commonly found in a defined group of patients depending on the circulation in individual regions Selleck Panobinostat in Slovakia (Trnovcova

et al., 2007). Conversely, Bo. recurrentis is endemic in Ethiopia and Sudan. It is the agent that can cause a louse-borne relapsing fever in humans (Burgess, 1995), a rapidly progressive and severe septic disease (Raoult & Roux, 1999; Roux & Raoult, 1999). Transmission to humans occurs via infected lice (Buxton, 1940), a parasite that is frequently found in certain populations with poor sanitary conditions. Minor differences among Borrelia species based on rrs gene sequences limit the value of the discrimination of species for genotypic purposes. Nevertheless, we consider that Bo. burgdorferi is a possible source of infection in middle Europe. In this study we provide the first evidence of Ba. elisabethae disease (no.

32 in Zlaté Moravce see more and no. 34 in Nové Zámky) in humans in Slovakia. Bartonella spp. have already been described in rodents and mice (Spitalska et al., 2008; Karbowiak et al., 2010); however, there are few studies of Ba. elisabethae in humans. This agent was isolated for the first time in Massachusetts (Daly et al., 1993) and was serologically detected in Maryland (Comer et al., 1996) and confirmed in Stockholm (Ehrenborg et al., 2008) and Spain (deSousa et al., 2006). Another bacterial agent identified in this study, which infects a whole range of reservoirs and hosts (mammals, birds and arthropods), is C. burnetii, a Gram-negative gamma bacteria responsible for Q fever in humans (Seshadri et al., 2003). We confirmed two C. burnetii cases (Nos 37 and 47). One of them was a severe case with sarcoid myocarditis. Coxiella has been studied and detected in Slovakia for a long time (Brezina Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor & Taborska, 1956, 1957; Kovacova et al., 1998; Vadovic et al., 2005; Toman et al., 2009; Skultety et al., 2011). We are aware of certain discrepancies between IFA and PCR results. These may due to sensitivity linked to time of collection of serum samples. We are also conscious of certain cross-reactions of human sera in IFA which have been described previously. Nevertheless, we have verified that essentially Rickettsia, but also Franciscella, Borrelia and Coxiella, are domestic in Slovakia and, to our knowledge, we provide the first evidence of a human case of Ba.