In particular, the effect on chemotactic activity seems to be related to drug concentration Maraviroc as well as to substances used as chemoattractants. MIP-1β, RANTES, MCP-1 and fMLP are important stimuli for both anti-infective response and inflammation [14,15]. MIP-1β is the natural ligand of CCR5 and cannot use other chemokine receptors. RANTES utilizes several receptors to induce chemotaxis, such as CCR1, 3, 4 and 5. Conversely, fMLP is a bacteria formyl peptide that regulates cellular trafficking and recognizes human FPR which is expressed in several cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, MO and DC. Cross-talk between CCR5 expression and fMLP was described in monocytes, suggesting attenuation of cell responses to CCR5

ligands and inhibition of HIV-envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion and infection of cells expressing CD4, CCR5 and FPR [16]. The same phenomenon was also found in DC [17]. We also analysed the effect of MVC on MCP-1-mediated chemotaxis. An increasing amount of evidence shows a close link between activated monocyte recruitment, MCP-1 release and HIV pathogenesis, especially in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients suffering from HIV-associated dementia [18]. It is important to study if MVC is able to inhibit migration of APCs towards CCL2/MCP-1 (a

CCR2b ligand), because in cells co-expressing CCR5 and CCR2b, CCR5-specific ligands are able to prevent MCP-1 binding to its receptor. In fact, CCR5 and CCR2 are closely related and cross-competition between the two receptors has been found PD 332991 previously [19]. First of all, when we tested the effect of MVC on MIP-1β- and MCP-1-induced migration,

our findings showed that the CCR5 antagonist compound was able to inhibit chemotaxis of monocytes, MO and MDC at all concentrations used. Chemotaxis towards RANTES, and fMLP was not inhibited by MVC at concentrations which were compatible with those achieved in vivo in the serum of treated subjects (0·1 µM). Cell chemotaxis was inhibited only when higher concentrations of the drug were used. In HIV-infected patients, circulating MO and DC are often activated and this state of activation could be responsible for recirculation, inflammation and viral dissemination in the tissue [20,21]. Activated mature cells harvest HIV infectious particles and could transmit infection to Rucaparib research buy CD4+ T cells in the tissue [22]. Blockade of CCR5 could promote both the reduction of target cells for viral replication and the recruitment of activated T cells to inflamed lymphoid tissue. The anti-chemotactic activity of CCR5 antagonist MVC could have beneficial effects on HIV infection by blocking the migration of infected APCs into various tissues, such as brain, liver and lung. Moreover, it is known that activated MO and DC play a central role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic process, which now represents one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients [22].