Consistent with findings in chronic schizophrenia, PPI was stable with repeated assessment and EP subjects had reduced PPI but this was most evident in tobacco smokers. A significant positive PPI and age association in AR and EP samples, but not CS, demonstrated potential neurodevelopmental differences in early psychosis. Unexpected findings included the fact that medication naive EP subjects, as well as AR subjects who later developed psychosis,

had greater PPI, introducing the possibility of early compensatory changes that diverge from findings in chronic patients. In addition, subjects with a history of cannabis MRT67307 cost use had greater startle reactivity while EP and AR subjects who used cannabis and were also taking an antipsychotic had greater PPI, again highlighting the potentially important cannabis/psychosis association. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland

Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In two appetitive conditioning experiments with rats, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for demonstrations of the superior associability of overshadowed conditioned stimuli (CSs) relative to control CSs. In Experiment 1, GSK3326595 ic50 we investigated whether previous demonstrations were a consequence of differences in the relationship between the CSs and the unconditioned stimulus (US) or of differences in the conditions of exposure to the CSs. Rats received trials with X, Y, and an AB compound, but no delivery of the US (X-, Y-, AB-). A subsequent AY-, AX+, BY + test discrimination revealed that the AY/BY component

of the discrimination was solved more readily than the AY/AX component-suggesting the contribution of an exposure effect. In Experiment 2, we better equated the conditions of exposure between A and Y by using AB+, XY+, X- training in Stage 1. In Stage 2, instrumental responses were rewarded during an AY compound. A final test revealed Cell press that Y took better control of instrumental responding than did A. The results of these experiments are discussed in terms of classical and contemporary theories of learning and attention.”
“The extent to which Theory of Mind impairments are a trait associated with schizotypy is unclear. To date, findings have been mixed. We compared two groups of psychometrically identified schizotypes, namely, those characterized by positive schizotypy (perceptual aberrations and magical ideation; n = 36) and those characterized by negative schizotypy (social anhedonia; n = 30) to a low schizotypy comparison group (n = 68) in terms of their Theory of Mind performance. Theory of Mind was assessed in two ways: a composite Hinting Task and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. The groups were also compared in terms of their self-reported levels of referential thinking. Our results indicate that individuals characterized by positive schizotypy show Theory of Mind deficits, as measured by the Hinting Task.