however, in clinical settings, the kidney does have regenerative potential as seen in the recovery from acute kidney injury. The role of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells may mainly be to produce humoral factors accelerating regeneration. The origin, localization and role of kidney stem cells are under investigation. We also discuss potential applications of embryonic stem cells

and induced pluripotent stem cells in kidney regeneration.”
“Background: Structural equation modeling developed as a statistical melding of path analysis and factor analysis that obscured a fundamental tension between a factor preference for multiple indicators and see more path modeling’s openness to fewer indicators.

Discussion: Multiple indicators hamper theory by unnecessarily restricting the number of modeled latents. Using the few best indicators – possibly even the single best indicator of each latent – encourages development of theoretically sophisticated models. Additional latent variables permit stronger statistical control of potential confounders, and encourage detailed investigation ATPase inhibitor of mediating causal mechanisms.

Summary: We recommend the use

of the few best indicators. One or two indicators are often sufficient, but three indicators may occasionally be helpful. More than three indicators are rarely warranted because additional redundant indicators provide less research benefit than single indicators of additional latent variables. Scales created from multiple indicators can introduce additional problems, and are prone to being less desirable than either single or multiple indicators.”
“Introduction: Screening for chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been increasingly advocated. However, several criticisms have been levied,

and screening programs for CKD are not universally accepted.

Methods and results: We discuss the problems of CKD screening and suggest improvements in the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Current problems with CKD screening check details are related to the need for both more efficient screening strategies and better screening tests. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and age above 60 years seem to be the most important inclusion criteria for a CKD screening program, but only a small and variable proportion of CKD cases detected progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Recent studies suggest that all stages of CKD should be stratified by the presence or absence of albuminuria. This applies particularly to CKD stage 3 in which a large proportion of subjects do not progress any quicker than those without kidney disease. Reduced kidney function and albuminuria are also strong and independent predictors for cardiovascular events.