Minor groove binders (MGBs) selleck products represent an interesting class of anticancer agents, which have been shown to be highly effective in in vitro and in vivo preclinical tumour models unresponsive to other antineoplastic agents (Martin et al, 1981; Li et al, 1982, 1992; Hartley et al, 1988; D’Alessio et al, 1994; D’Incalci, 1994; Colella et al, 1999; Marchini et al, 1999; Geroni et al, 2002). The main representatives of this class, which reached the clinic, are the antitumour agents derived from CC-1065, that is, adozelesin, carzelesin, and bizelesin, and the distamycin A derivative tallimustine.

These ��classical�� MGBs have been shown to be highly DNA sequence-specific (Lee et al, 1993; D’Incalci, 1994) and to exert their cytotoxic effect through the ability to per se directly alkylate DNA mainly at the N3 position of adenines exposed in (TA)-rich sequences in the DNA minor groove (Hurley et al, 1984; Reynolds et al, 1985; Broggini et al, 1995, 1991; Sun and Hurley, 1992; D’Incalci, 1994; Marchini et al, 1998), without the requirement to be activated by other pathways (e.g., enzymatic activation of the drug). The absence of significant antitumour activity for nonalkylating MGBs (Marchini et al, 1998) indicates that the N3 alkylation activity of these compounds is a prerequisite for their cytotoxicity. MGBs activity, however, has previously been reported (Colella et al, 1999) to be associated with reduced susceptibility to the cytotoxic effect in tumour cells with defects in DNA mismatch repair (MMR), similar to certain chemicals, including MNNG, which alkylates O6 of guanines, and anticancer agents such as doxorubicin and cisplatin (Branch et al, 1995; Drummond et al, 1996).

MMR proteins recognise mismatched base pairs in the DNA, arising either spontaneously during DNA metabolism or from modified nucleotides provoked by physical and chemical agents, and are thought to link DNA damage recognition to an apoptotic pathway, thereby preventing mutagenesis, tumorigenesis, and tumour progression (Modrich, 1991; Fink et al, 1998). Tumours resulting from MMR-deficiency include the hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) and some sporadic carcinomas such as mammary, ovarian, or endometrial cancers (Peltomaki, 2001). The development of novel MGBs able to overcome the involvement of MMR assumes great clinical importance with respect to the treatment of tumours deficient in MMR.

A novel ��-bromoacryloyl derivative of distamycin Brefeldin_A A, PNU-151807, which exhibits no alkylating activity per se, has been identified (Marchini et al, 1999). The cytotoxic effect has been shown to not depend on MLH1 in some tumour cells (Colella et al, 1999) and has been attributed to the ��-bromoacrylic moiety of the compound, which seems to interfere with cell cycle progression via yet unknown pathways (Cozzi, 2000; Geroni et al, 2002).