The item was scored as: 1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, and 4 = excellent; and (c) depression scale (nine items; Cronbach��s �� = .86), which assessed depressive symptoms (e.g., feeling low in energy or slowed down and trouble sleeping). The depression measure selleck chemicals Ganetespib has predictive validity (Lipman, Covi, & Shapiro, 1979). Each item was scored as: 1 = not at all, 2 = a little, 3 = somewhat, 4 = quite a bit, and 5 = extremely. Demographic characteristics were also included as covariates. These factors are gender (0 = female and 1 = male), age at T7, mean family income (T2 to T4), the highest level of parental education (T2�CT4), and the participant��s educational level at T7. Analysis Mplus software (L. K. Muth��n & Muth��n, 2007) was used to identify the developmental trajectories of cigarette use (N = 806).

For missing data (primarily due to individuals�� nonparticipation in waves of data collection), we applied the full information maximum likelihood approach (Schaefer & Graham, 2002). The dependent variable (smoking at each point in time) was treated as a censored normal variable. The independent variables predicting trajectory group membership were gender and age at T2. Each trajectory polynomial was set as cubic. The GMM analyses used a multinomial logistic regression model for unordered polytomous responses (B. Muth��n & Shedden, 1999). We used the minimum Bayesian information criterion (BIC) to determine the number of trajectory groups (G). To assure finding the maximum of the likelihood function, we used 50 random sets of starting values.

Each participant was assigned to a trajectory group with the largest Bayesian posterior probability (BPP). For each of the trajectory groups, an indicator variable was created, which had a value of 1 if the participant had the largest BPP for that group and 0 otherwise. The observed trajectory for a group was the average of tobacco use at each timepoint for participants assigned to the group (see Figure 1). Figure 1. Developmental trajectories of cigarette smoking extending from adolescence to age 32 (N = 806). Note. The smoking score categories are 5.00 = 1.5 packs a day or more, 4.00 = one pack per day, 3.00 = 1/2 pack per day, 2.00 = 1�C5 cigarettes/day … We reported the mean (SD) BMI for each of the trajectory groups, with and without statistically adjusting for the covariates cited above (i.e.

, gender, age at T7, family income at T2�CT4, parental education at T2�CT4, participant��s education at T7, age- and gender-adjusted BMI at T2, healthy habits at T6, physical health condition at T6, and depression at T6). SAS was then used to perform Drug_discovery logistic regression analyses to investigate the associations between the trajectory group membership and obesity (n = 584). The dependent variable was the indicator variable of obesity (BMI > 29.9) at T7.