NAD+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase is selective for primary aliphatic and aromatic alcohols [20]. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its reduced form (NADH), a product of the reaction between NAD+ and primary alcohols, are the key central charge carriers www.selleckchem.com/products/MLN8237.html in living cells. MG132 side effects NAD+ is a very important cofactor since it participates in enzymatic catalysis of more than 300 dehydrogenase enzymes [29,30]. NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases are widely used in bioprocesses and analytical applications [3,31,32]. In the past decades, a considerable amount of analytical research has been related to the electrochemistry of the NAD+/NADH redox couple in various electrodes [33].
However, only a limited number of electrochemical sensors based on dehydrogenases were reported because of the need for cofactors for regeneration [22].
Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries As the direct electro-oxidation of NADH on conventional electrode materials requires high overpotentials, many efforts have been devoted to develop new efficient electrode materials [7,22,29,32,34]. Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries In order Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries to decrease the high overpotentials and to minimize the side reactions, various mediators immobilized on the electrode surface have been widely used so far [17,22,35�C37]. The immobilization of mediators such as catechols, quinones [38�C41], ferrocene [42], phenoxazines [43�C47], phenothiazines [47�C49], phenylendiamines, some conducting polymers electrodeposited on electrode surface [50�C53] and conducting charge-transfer complexes [54] has been investigated extensively.
The use of such mediators Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries immobilized on an electrode coupled with Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries dehydrogenases and their applications to biosensor development are also described [3,7,55,56].As a mediator, Toluidine Blue O (TBO), a phenothiazine derivative, is commonly used for the oxidation and determination of NADH [22,31�C34,36,37]. However, it has some disadvantages due to Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries its small molecular size and water solubility [3,33,43,57,58]. Therefore, some investigations have been carried Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries out over the years to solve GSK-3 the problem of its immobilization [33,57,58].There are several methods in the literature for immobilization of ADH on an electrode surface [3].
For this purpose, the surface of glassy carbon electrode or nickel electrode is modified with different reagents, Inhibitors,Modulators,Libraries Cabozantinib cancer some of which are poly(neutral red), Nafion membrane, poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) and hexacyanoferrate [59�C61]. ADH, NAD+ and meldola blue (MB) are coimmobilized in polypyrrole film. The Michaelis-Menten constant for ADH has even been determined [59�C61].In the present work, we have described the preparation of a new electrode Anacetrapib matrix. We used it in order to obtain insoluble TBO on the electrode surface via covalent www.selleckchem.com/products/INCB18424.html linkage between a cellulose acetate membrane and TBO molecules.