Based on these data, a concentra tion of two mg/kg RAD001, which appeared to supply steady disease, was selected for your combination research with letrozole and tamoxifen. Letrozole induced tumor stabilization. Similarly, the two tamoxifen and RAD001 diminished tumor volume compared with all the motor vehicle trea ted management. Importantly, the combination of RAD001 with letrozole brought on tumor regression, whereas the combination with tamoxifen provided no clear advantage in excess of the single agents. On the other hand, the growth rate over the examine period was not considerably distinct among the RAD001 and letrozole or tamoxifen groups. Although the growth fee from the mice trea ted using the mixture of RAD001 and letrozole was drastically less than that with all the car, no statistical big difference was found amongst the combina tion and letrozole alone.
The effects of RAD001 in combination with the endo crine agents had been also investigated in a 2nd xenograft model utilizing BT474 AROM3 cells. The suggest tumor volume fold adjust was two. 07 0. seven at day 23 for the selleck chemical car. Even so, in contrast for the past model, neither letrozole nor tamoxifen reduced tumor volume, and, although not statistically sig nificant, a trend was mentioned towards tamoxifen advertising tumor growth in contrast with the motor vehicle handled manage arm. Of note, RAD001 alone induced tumor stabilization. Assessment from the mixture arms revealed no sig nificant difference compared with RAD001 like a single agent. Moreover, the combination of RAD001 and tamoxifen appeared to possess less impact than did RAD001 alone, even though this didn’t approach statistical significance No major alterations in entire body excess weight were located among the car and any on the remedy arms.
LTED cells had been unable to be established as xenografts, so data are not offered. Discussion RAD001 resulted in concentration dependent lessen in proliferation in all cell lines tested, most markedly while in the LTED. In blend with endocrine treatment, RAD001 enhanced the antiproliferative our website effect and G1 accumulation compared with monotherapy. This was connected with pronounced dephosphorylation of Rb and elevated phosphorylation and nuclear accumula tion of p27. RAD001 elevated pAKT in all circum stances, which was associated with improved pHER3. In addition, RAD001 decreased ER transactivation, suggesting the efficacy of RAD001 may possibly relate to interrupting cross speak concerning development factor signaling and ER, leading to decreased ER phosphorylation.
More than latest many years, a drive has occurred toward the usage of targeted agents for BC treatment. The two in vitro and in vivo models of endocrine resistant BC propose a shift through the dependence of tumor cells on the steroid receptor pathways driving proliferation to dependence on growth factor pathways.
Monthly Archives: June 2014
A lot of bioactive molecules and their synthetic analo gues are a
Many bioactive molecules and their synthetic analo gues happen to be reported to demonstrate exercise against breast cancer. Even though the reduced toxicity asso ciated with bioactive molecules is really a significantly desired qual ity, their constrained bioavailability hinders additional growth. Honokiol exhibits a desirable spectrum of bioavailability, in contrast with quite a few other organic pro ducts. The advancement of other polyphenolic agents continues to be obstructed by poor absorption and speedy excre tion. Honokiol isn’t going to have this disability, as sig nificant systemic ranges of honokiol could be obtained in preclinical models, and it can cross the blood brain bar rier. These attributes of honokiol make it a promis ing compact molecular weight normal anticancer agent.
Without a doubt, honokiol is found to alter several molecu lar targets in a variety of cancer designs to inhibit tumor cell growth and survival. Among the key findings of this examine selleck is the LKB1 AMPK pathway plays a significant purpose in mediating the result of honokiol result on migration and invasion of breast cancer cells. AMPK, a master sensor of cellular energy balance in mammalian cells, regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Biochemical regulation of serine/threonine protein kinase AMPK activation takes place as a result of multiple mechan isms. AMPK undergoes a conformational modify in response to direct binding of AMP to its nucleotide bind ing domain, exposing the activation loop from the catalytic kinase subunit. LKB1 phosphorylates a important threonine in this activation loop to activate AMPK. Dephosphoryla tion by protein phosphatases also plays a vital purpose in regulating AMPK activity.
Genetic depletion of LKB1 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts outcomes in a reduction of AMPK activation soon after power stresses that enhance AMP, exhibiting the requirement of LKB1 in AMPK activation. We discovered that honokiol Pazopanib increases AMPK acti vation, which may be efficiently inhibited from the silencing of LKB1. AMPK represents a pivotal point while in the mTOR pathway regulating a huge variety of cellular routines, including transcription, translation, cell dimension, mRNA turn in excess of, protein stability, ribosomal biogenesis, and cytoskele tal organization. Aside from currently being right activated by tumor suppressor LKB1, AMPK itself regulates the activa tion of two other tumor suppressors, TSC1 and TSC2, that are essential regulators of Rheb and mTOR. We uncovered that AMPK knockdown inhibits honokiol mediated mTOR inhibition. Honokiol mediated inhibition of mTOR also suggests that honokiol and its derivatives may demonstrate great candidates as targeted therapies for carcinomas characterized by hyperactive mTOR signaling.
Inactiva tion of Tuberin permits GTP bound Rheb to accumulate and
Inactiva tion of Tuberin enables GTP bound Rheb to accumulate and activate the mammalian target of rapamycin /Raptor complicated, which ultimately regulates protein synthesis and cell growth. mTOR also couples with Rictor to form the TORC2 complex, which phosphorylates and activates AKT at Ser473. Class IA PI3K isoforms are heterodimeric lipid kinases that incorporate a p110 catalytic subunit and also a p85 regulatory subunit. The three genes PIK3CA, PIK3CB, and PIK3CD encode the homologous p110, p110B, and p110 iso zymes, respectively. Expression of p110 is largely restricted to immune and hematopoietic cells, whereas p110 and p110B are ubiquitously expressed. PIK3CA mutations would be the most typical genetic alterations of this pathway in breast cancer, in which 80% occur inside the helical and kinase domains of p110.
This kind of mutations confer increased catalytic action by way of dierent mechanisms, but each induce characteristics of cellular transformation, together with development component and anchorage independent growth, and resistance to anoikis. Temporally regu lated expression with the H1047R mutant while in the mammary gland of transgenic mice induces mammary tumor selleck inhibitor formation. Genetic or pharmacological inactivation of PIK3CAH1047R expression effects in disappearance of mammary tumors. Nevertheless, a few of these recur and turn into insensitive to PI3K inhibition by means of c myc overexpression. PI3K pathway alterations commonly co come about in breast cancer, suggesting they confer benefits to cancer cells by dierent mechanisms. Such as, PIK3CA mutations at times occur in breast tumors harboring PTEN loss or HER2 overexpression.
p110 is essen tial for signaling and development of tumors driven by PIK3CA mutations, RTKs, and/or mutant Ras, whereas p110B lies downstream of G protein coupled receptors and has been shown to mediate tumorigenesis in PTEN decient MK-0752 Gamma-secretase inhibitor cells. HER2 overexpression and PIK3CA mutations are usually found in each ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancers. However, PIK3CA mutations are found at a decrease frequency in intraepithelial neo plastic lesions. This suggests that PIK3CA mutations can more augment PI3K pathway activation mediated by other oncogenes such as ERBB2. Molecular analyses have shown that breast cancer is often a assortment of conditions that frequently t into 3 subtypes that reply to dierent therapeutics and exhibit a dierent all-natural history.
Breast cancers that express estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor are hormone dependent and, as this kind of, reply to therapies that inhibit ER signaling by numerous mecha nisms. HER2 positive cancers exhibit amplication or overexpression on the ERBB2 proto oncogene and respond clinically when handled with HER2 directed therapies. Triple adverse breast cancers, which lack detectable expression of ER, PR, and HER2, have no accepted targeted treatment and therefore are treated with classic chemotherapy.
As a result, the combined utilization of proteomic and glycomic
Thus, the combined utilization of proteomic and glycomic tools, under pinned through the existing genomic and transcriptomic data sets at the same time as by animal experimentation, should be beneficial for designing long term vaccines. Prediction and prioritization of drug targets The extreme and uncontrolled use of a smaller variety of drug lessons to the treatment of haemonchosis has led to big complications of drug resistance in H. contortus to most of these compounds. Regretably, only a very modest amount of new anthelmintics are actually identified in the past two decades employing classic chemical screening approaches. Genome guided drug target or drug discovery provides an alternative suggests to con ventional screening and repurposing.
The aim of genome guided discovery should be to identify genes or mole cules whose inactivation by 1 or much more medicines will selectively kinase inhibitor Nutlin-3 destroy parasites but not harm the host animal. Mainly because H. contortus and relevant strongylid nematodes are demanding to sustain outdoors of their hosts, and gene precise perturbation by double stranded RNA interference is inconsistent, directly asses sing gene essentiality on the massive scale is not really still useful. Even so, essentiality can be predicted from practical info for C. elegans, and this approach has by now yielded credible targets for nematocides. For H. contortus, we inferred 641 molecules with vital homologs in C. elegans linked to lethal phenotypes on gene silencing. We also screened for enzymatic cho kepoints in biological pathways of H. contortus.
This kind of chokepoints signify reactions that eat Panobinostat or uniquely produce a molecular compound, the disruption of this kind of enzymes really should bring about a toxic accumulation or starvation of metabolites inside cells. We gave the highest priority to targets inferred to be encoded by single genes, reasoning that lower allelic variability in H. contortus populations will be significantly less prone to give rise to drug resis tance. Applying this stringent method, we predicted 260 druggable proteins in H. contortus, of which 106 had ligands fulfilling the Lipinsky rule of 5. Conspicuous among these have been 17 channels or transporters, which signify like macrocyclic lactones, levamisoles, and AADs, and various candidates together with 27 kinases, 7 TFs, and 4 phosphatases recognized to become particular targets for norcantharidin analogues.
This checklist of prioritized tar get candidates may very well be examined for anti nematodal effects in larval improvement assays or straight in experimental sheep, and should really allow rational anthelmintic design. Prospects for functional genomics Genomic guided drug discovery would be assisted by assessing essentiality of drug targets immediately in H. contortus itself. Likewise, practical evaluation of the approximately 30% of H. contortus genes that are parasite unique, some of that are prone to perform crucial roles in host parasite inter actions, would also be enabled by this kind of gene inactivation.
NRXN1 is recognized as an ASD possibility factor by cytogenetic e
NRXN1 has been identified as an ASD chance component by cytogenetic analysis, large-scale CNV studies, and case reviews. NLGN1, NLGN3 and NLGN4 have also been recognized in a number of studies, and CNTNAP2 is homologous to Drosophila Neurexin four. Supplemental evidence for your function of NLGNs and NRXN1 in ASD calls for introduction of ASD- linked variants, knockout, or overexpression of those proteins in mouse versions. These scientific studies have recapitulated several facets of the ASD phenotype and also have in addition implicated NLGN2. PCDH9 and CHL1 can also contribute to ASD based mostly on CNV scientific studies. Balancing excitation and inhibition Practical scientific studies in mouse versions have suggested that many of the ASD candidates contribute to network dynamics by altering the balance of excitation and inhibition.
For instance, a slight grow in amounts of NLGN2 in mouse reduces the excitation to inhibition ratio by reducing the ratio selleck chemicals chir99021 of excitatory to inhibitory synapses, expanding inhibitory synaptic con- tacts, and increasing the frequency of miniature inhibi- tory PSCs within the frontal cortex. On top of that, intro- ducing the ASD-associated NLGN3 missense mutation right into a mouse increases inhibitory perform in cortex. Similarly, Nrxn1a knockout mice exhibit a lower in hippocampal excitatory function. Knocking out Cntnap2 inside a mouse decreases cortical GABAergic inter- neuron numbers, potentially altering the balance of excitation and inhibition. In addition, Shank3 knock- out decreases cortical excitatory transmission.
Fmr1 knockout DCC-2036 mice present a few excitatory/inhibitory imbalances, including impaired inhibitory transmission during the amygdala, decreased excitatory inputs into inhibitory neurons during the cortex, and an enhanced inhibitory transmission in the striatum. There is corroborating data for the function of excitation and inhibition in autism from complete transcriptome research of human postmortem brain. A single latest review employed a sophisticated methods biology strategy, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, to create transcriptome networks from human ASD and control postmortem brain samples. The prime autism associated WGCNA network, enriched for ASD-asso- ciated GWAS targets, showed higher overlap by using a previously recognized interneuron-related module. Comprehending how perturbations in this delicate balance of excitation and inhibition lead to disease will probably be important in knowing ASD pathophysiology.
Concerns within this endeavor will include a clear knowing of how deficits affect both microcircuits and more long distance connectivity. Connecting convergent molecular pathways with greater order ASD phenotypes Productive drug style could be facilitated by convergence at the degree of molecular pathways. Nevertheless, convergence at higher levels is additionally plausible. In fct, a few of the most reproducible clinical signatures happen to be with the amount of brain structure and perform. a
CBT is turning into integrated into clinical practice with traini
CBT is getting to be integrated into clinical practice with training for clinical nurse professionals but there is still a need to have to take into account how CBT and also other interventions may be better integrated to widen access. Novel interventions must be developed and validated applying procedures based mostly upon sound theoretical concepts, with demonstrable ef fectiveness which will be deployed as broadly as possible to maximise benefit. A clear knowing in the parts of interventions that advertise uptake, adherence and long-term benefit is needed. Funding for analysis into living with and man aging the consequences of breast cancer and its treat ment is extremely limited, adversely impacting the building of investigate capability and expertise.
Establishing a multidisciplinary investigation consortium to produce a theoretical framework to inform research ad dressing the desires of those residing with and managing the broad ranging consequences of breast cancer and its treatment method would inform selection of outcome measures, innovative purchase PCI-32765 approaches to intervention style and design and testing. Substitute trial styles to RCTs will need to be regarded that include patient preferences. It will also be of terrific advantage towards the area to draw up advice on implementing thriving evidence into clinical practice. Survivorship Longitudinal scientific studies are essential to assess the recovery of wellbeing and wellbeing and the long lasting adjustment of gals and guys who’ve a diagnosis of breast cancer. This will permit investigation of how unmet psychosocial wants and psychological morbidity in the course of diagnosis and therapy relate to high quality of life, sexuality, physical wellbeing plus the effects of other illnesses later in lifestyle.
The long-term impacts of breast cancer and therapy on daily daily life need even further investigation. You can find implications for cardiac functioning, osteoporosis, neur opathy, cognitive dysfunction, lymphoedema and shoulder mobility around the skill to preserve independence. Living with superior breast cancer There exists insufficient epidemiological data around the complications of females that have recurrence and selleck “ metastatic sickness. Analysis into integrated oncology and palliative care models are necessary to deter mine which approaches improve high quality of existence, psycho logical wellbeing, palliation of symptoms, therapy decisions and finish of existence care. The needs in the households of girls with innovative metastatic cancer and just how to sup port them and their carers most successfully are unclear.
Selection building on the finish of lifestyle and also the growth of equipment to assist gals and healthcare pros to choose ideal remedy and spot of death is required. Supportive interventions Professional breast care nurses have also been observed to enhance the supportive care of ladies with metastatic breast cancer. Nonetheless, there is a require to identify the energetic parts of interventions and an men and women preference for various kinds of inter ventions to determine what functions very best for her or him.
Neuronal exercise and ASDs One particular prospective level of co
Neuronal exercise and ASDs 1 probable stage of convergence building from gene choosing research is autism pathophysiology consists of proteins that each modulate neuronal activity and demonstrate expression. Within the handful of proteins recognized by whole-exome sequen- cing reviewed above, SCN2A, SCN1A, and GRIN2B all code for subunits of synaptic ion channels, with SCN2A and SCN1A coding for the subunits of voltage-gated sodium channels. GRIN2A, an N-methyl-d-aspar- tate receptor subunit mapping inside the 16p11-13 area, was furthermore recognized inside a large- scale ASD association examine. NMDA receptors are ionotropic ion channels that happen to be significant regulators of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity.
Other notable ASD candidate genes that code for ion channels would be the ionotropic glutamate receptors GRIK2 and GRIA3 as well as the voltage-dependent calcium channel sub- units CACNA1C and CACNA1H. ASD candidate genes can also be enriched in sets of trans- cripts regulated by neuronal exercise. One example is, UBE3A, DIA1, and PCDH10 are all regulated by MEF2A/D, a transcription aspect which has a serious CC-292 dissolve solubility function in activity-dependent advancement with the synapse. Furthermore, the autism candidate gene NHE9 is regulated by NPAS4, a transcription component regulated by neuronal activity. Lastly, a recent study identified ASD candidate genes UBE3B, CLTCL1, NCKAP5L, and ZNF18 by whole-exome sequencing and noticed their expression to get regulated by neuronal depolarization. In sum, these success stage to a likely contribution of genes regulated by or regulating neuronal exercise to autism pathophysiology.
Post synaptic translational regulation An additional possible point of molecular convergence in autism AV-412 genetics is activity-dependent protein metabolic process with the postsynaptic density, a protein-rich speciali- zation on the postsynaptic membrane vital for effective neural transmission. Single gene disorders that intersect with ASD gave us 1st clues that this process is important inside the pathophysiology of autism. Mutations in FMR1, the foremost inherited induce of ASD, outcomes during the absence of Fragile X psychological retarda- tion protein, a important regulator of activity-dependent protein synthesis on the synapse. FMRP-mediated translation is regulated in an activity-dependent method by the autism candidate gene, CYFIP1, found within the 15q11-13 duplication area.
A short while ago, whole- exome research have reported an enrichment of FMRP- linked genes within the lists of genes disrupted by RVs in ASD participants. FMRP is associated using the autism candidate genes MET, PTEN, TSC1, TSC2 and NF1, which are also found within the PSD. These genes are a part of the phosphatidyl- inositol 3-kinase -AKT-mTOR pathway which can be activated by metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling, is definitely an upstream effector of translation regula- tion, and it is involved in cellular proliferation.
Designs for testing novel targeted agents against dis seminated d
Designs for testing novel targeted agents towards dis seminated condition Novel agents developed for systemic administration are seldom examined against established in vasive/metastatic illness in preclinical animal designs. There is certainly an urgent need to have to create improved models for the discovery and growth of therapies targeting metastases which might be helpful against all internet sites of disorder. In around 20% of females, comprehensive resection of major tumours does not protect against distant metastases because dissemination has already occurred. In these situations, agents targeting cell motility or invasion might have restricted value. It is actually as a result essential that preclinical designs made use of for check ing such therapies include established micrometastases. Similarly, there is a preponderance of lung metasta sis versions in program use.
Other important web sites of breast cancer metastasis are somewhat poorly represented, and this needs remedying in preclinical drug evaluation. Human tissue transplanted into selleckchem SCH66336 mice can deliver a more rele vant microenvironment. Preclinical or clinical trials targeted on tumour shrinkage usually are not appropriate for testing the efficacy of anti invasive or anti metastatic agents that may lower metastasis with out significantly impacting primary tumour growth. Such approaches would probable fail latest response evalu ation criteria in reliable tumors criteria and demonstrate very little action while in the neoadjuvant setting or in late stage sufferers with sophisticated metastatic ailment.
The prospective to utilise veterinary versions for testing novel therapies or RT systemic treatment combinations and cross disciplinary collaboration with other scientific disciplines to produce authentic time in vivo biosensors of tumour biology provide novel possibilities for considerable progress. Modelling drug custom peptide synthesis resistance While demanding, estab lishing cell lines, tissue slice versions and PDX from re lapsed and resistant cancers ought to be the greatest intention in order to provide a window to the mechanisms that come about in individuals in which therapies fail. This would also make it possible for ex vivo targeting research, using signalling ana lyses and imaging methods to track resistance mecha nisms and progression. Preclinical endocrine resistant versions have largely been derived from ER ve MCF7 cells in vitro, either by transfection of likely signalling molecules such as HER2 or from constant publicity to anti endocrine agents. Considerable panels of relapsed human tumour cell lines are needed to reflect the heterogeneity of clinical resistant sickness. This may make it possible for assessment from the impact of genetic background, duration, sequence and sort of endocrine agent and rational evaluation of agents to reverse resistance. It can be critical to validate mechanisms identified in vitro with clinical resistance.
As stated above, autophagy might be induced by a variety of usual
As stated over, autophagy is often induced by several usually means, and experimental set ups regularly target var ious signaling cascades simultaneously. On top of that, the undersupply of nutrients this kind of as glucose or amino acids, of development components and oxygen does not only target autophagy but also apoptosis and other pressure connected pathways. In addition, these problems will severely have an effect on mitochondrial functions, particularly right after extended peri ods of inadequate external provide and below incredibly lowered cellular ATP and oxygen amounts. This contains key adjustments in mitochondrial metabolic process and mem brane prospective, which eventually ends in an extreme production of reactive oxygen species, mitochon drial outer membrane permeability plus the release of professional apoptotic aspects.
Lowered ATP amounts, ROS, as well as resulting DNA damages in flip can simultaneously induce autophagy, mitophagy along with other worry related pathways that assist to restrict damages selleckchem and to clear away depolarized mitochondria. In this regard, it may very well be well worth to note that hypoxia can elicit very diverse autophagic responses, depend ing to the cellular process and also the actual nature of the respective tension conditions. In MEFs, hypoxia induces adaptive mitophagy, which might support to keep oxygen homeostasis under prolonged hypoxic conditions. In tumor cells nevertheless, hypoxia isn’t going to particularly induce the autophagic engulfment of mitochondria. So, it has been argued that cancer cells, which largely rely upon glycolysis rather then oxidative phos phorylation, may well therefore have a constrained have to have for adap tive elimination of mitochondria underneath very low oxygen amounts.
The heroic actions on the ULKs downstream targets of Ulk1 and Ulk2 Ulk1 and Ulk2 are very autophosphorylated proteins, along with the overexpression of kinase dead mutants of both proteins exhibits a dominant adverse impact on Ulk1/2 regulated pathways. The phosphorylation web-sites inside of Ulk1 have to start with been mapped Ribitol by Dorsey et al, by evaluating the phosphorylation status of wild form and KD protein. Interestingly, Chan et al. observed that an Ulk1 K46R mutant retains adequate catalytic activity to retain the autophosphorylated standing. Hence, its overexpression won’t markedly inhibit autophagy initiation, that’s in contrast to the respective K46I sub stitution. Nevertheless, the overexpression of Ulk1 K46R does inhibit axon outgrowth in mice.
So, Chan and Tooze have argued for any model during which the autop hosphorylation of Ulk1 and Ulk2 primarily regulates their conformation, the publicity in the CTD and by this implies their interaction with other proteins. Atg13 and FIP200 are regarded to interact with Ulk1/2 within a CTD dependent method, and each proteins are already identified being a direct Ulk1/2 substrate. Having said that, the relevance of this phosphorylation for star vation induced autophagy continues to be unknown.
Association amongst expression of annexin II and S100A6 A total o
Association concerning expression of annexin II and S100A6 A total of 163 gastric cancer instances had very low expression of each annexin II and S100A6, though 158 gastric cancer circumstances had large expression of both annexin II and S100A6. There was a substantial correlation be tween annexin II and S100A6. Correlation concerning expression of annexin II and S100A6 and patient prognosis In stage I, II and III, the 5 year survival rates of individuals with substantial expression of annexin II had been all sig nificantly lower than in patients with reduced expression. In stage I, the cumulative 5 12 months survival price was 87. 2% in the reduced annexin II expression group, but 75. 0% from the large expression group. In stage II, the cumu lative five year survival fee within the minimal expression group was larger than inside the substantial expression group.
In stage III, the cumulative five year survival rate was 30. 8% from the very low expression group, which was increased than while in the substantial expression group. In stage IV, annexin II expression didn’t correlate with the five year survival rate along with the survival fee selleck chemicals was twenty. 0% inside the low expression group and 6. 2% inside the high expression group. Cumula tive five yr survival prices of sufferers with high expres sion of the two annexin II and S100A6 was drastically lower than these with lower expression of both. Discussion Overexpression on the annexin II gene was observed in human gastric cancer and a current report uncovered that annexin II was substantially up regulated in state-of-the-art gastric cancers and it could contribute to the progres sion of gastric carcinoma.
The possible clinical sig nificance of annexin II has remained unclear in gastric cancer individuals. Therefore, we utilised immunohistochem istry to examine the relationships in between annexin II ex pression as well as the clinicopathologic traits of individuals with gastric cancer. The present study showed that annexin II is up regu lated Celastrol in gastric cancer tissues in comparison to non cancer ous gastric mucosa. Annexin II ranges had been located to be correlated significantly with gastric cancer prognosis. Moreover, large levels of annexin II protein expression in gastric cancer lesions had been closely connected with age, spot of tumor, dimension of tumor, differentiation, histo logical kind, depth of invasion, vessel invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and TNM stage. Additional multivariate analysis suggested that the depth of invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis, TNM stage, expression of annexin II, and expression of S100A6 have been independent prognostic indicators for the illness. Overexpression of annexin II is associated with progression and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma.