Are the results of our study clinically important? While the differences between groups for shoulder function (ie, the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index) were significant at 1 and 3 months, in favour of the experimental group, the confidence intervals spanned the reported minimum clinically important differences of 8.0% to 13.2% (Paul et al 2004, Schmitt and Di Fabio 2004) and therefore their clinical importance is not absolutely certain. However, these minimum clinically important differences were calculated for a different patient population and thus may not be generalisable to post-thoracotomy patients. The mean difference in favour learn more of the

experimental group at discharge for shoulder pain (1.3 units) was significant and exceeded the minimum clinically important difference of 1.1 units for pain numerical rating scales (Mintken et al 2009). This suggests the difference between groups at discharge was clinically important, however, the confidence interval included smaller benefits than this, so we cannot be certain that this result is clinically worthwhile. While no significant between-group differences were found for the quality of life summary scores,

the experimental group’s physical component score Z-VAD-FMK order at 3 months was 4.8 points higher than the control group’s score, which exceeds the minimum clinically important difference of 3 points noted by Swigris and colleagues (2010). However, given that the confidence intervals widely spanned the minimum clinically important difference for the physical component summary scores, this warrants further investigation. The differences between groups for all range of motion and strength Fossariinae measures were small, statistically non-significant, and below the likely minimum clinically important differences. However, of note, most of the results for range of motion had confidence intervals that extended well into what would be considered a beneficial range, and, importantly, essentially excluded the possibility of clinically meaningful harm resulting

from the experimental intervention. In summary, a physiotherapy exercise program provides some benefits such as early relief of pain, shoulder function and, perhaps, the physical components of quality of life. Further investigation could more precisely determine the clinical worth of these effects. Based on these findings, we recommend that physiotherapists provide an inpatient postoperative exercise program aimed at reducing shoulder dysfunction and pain, incorporating progressive shoulder and thoracic cage mobility exercises and an associated home-based discharge program. There are a number of factors which mean caution should be used when extrapolating our findings to other centres. Factors unique to our unit (eg, ethnicity, clinical pathway) may have influenced our results.

i.). From the vaccinated pigs, only on day 1 p.i. genome was detected from multiple animals, but

at low amounts (Fig. 1C and D). On day 1 p.i. live virus could be isolated from the control animals from the upper and lower respiratory tract, with the highest titres in the nasal mucosa and trachea. Low amounts of live virus were also detected in the cerebrum and cerebellum. No live virus was isolated from TBLN (Fig. 2A). On day 3 p.i. live virus was only detected from the upper and lower respiratory tract, but no longer from parts of the central nervous system and still not from the TBLN (Fig. 2B). From the vaccinated animals no live DAPT manufacturer virus could be isolated from any of the tissue samples at either time point. (Fig. 2A and B) On days 1 and 3 p.i. virus genome could be detected by PCR from all tissue samples from the control pigs, including from the TBLN and central nervous system. In only one of the vaccinated animals, viral genome was detected in nasal mucosa at day 1 p.i. (Fig. 2C and D). BALF from pigs euthanized at day 21 p.i. was negative in the PCR. Already after the first vaccination, at the time of the second vaccination, high

antibody titres against the homologous H1N1v strain were seen, both in the HI-test (Fig. 3A) and in a VNT (Fig. 3B). The second vaccination Selleck Anti-infection Compound Library resulted in a further rise of these antibody titres to levels >10,000. After inoculation with the challenge virus, the non-vaccinated animals responded with titres up to 2560, peaking at 10 days p.i. and then decreasing again. In the vaccinated animals almost no changes were seen in the levels of the titres after the challenge (Fig. 3A and B). Cross-reactivity, both after vaccination and after inoculation/challenge, was seen in HI-tests and VNT when a swine influenza strain of subtype H1N1 was used in the test, but not when an H1N2 strain of swine origin was used. Results for the HI-tests are 17-DMAG (Alvespimycin) HCl shown in Fig. 4. VNT results are not shown as

they were almost identical to the HI-results. The soluble H1N1v HA trimer was almost completely able to prevent virus replication and excretion after a double vaccination and subsequent homologues challenge. Live virus could not be detected in any of the samples taken from the vaccinated pigs. Viral genome was only detected at day 1 p.i. in nasal and oropharyngeal swabs and at day 1 p.i. in the nasal mucosa from one of the euthanized pigs. The amount of genome detected from the swabs was very low, but genome could be detected in multiple animals. This viral genome may very well represent residual challenge virus. However, some very limited virus replication in the upper respiratory tract in the vaccinated groups can not be excluded, as high levels of virus replication were already observed at day 1 p.i. in the control group. A recombinant purified HA has several advantages compared to whole inactivated vaccines.

Pendant la réalisation du bilan, le sport intense, même à l’entraînement, et éventuellement lors des activités scolaires, doit être contre-indiqué. Cette contre-indication temporaire doit être consignée dans le dossier médical, clairement expliquée au sportif et si besoin à sa famille, et un certificat explicite doit lui être remis. Les EE sous-maximales, type tests

de Ruffier-Dickson ou du tabouret, qui ont une très faible valeur diagnostique, ne doivent plus être réalisées pour détecter des contre-indications cardiovasculaires à la pratique du sport. Les EE maximales réalisées en milieu cardiologique doivent être privilégiées. Cependant, elles ne doivent pas être systématiques mais ciblées, et leurs limites doivent être bien connues. Les trois principaux objectifs de l’EE sont de vérifier la normalité des adaptations cardiovasculaires à l’exercice, de quantifier la Veliparib manufacturer capacité fonctionnelle individuelle et de détecter une pathologie coronaire ou arythmique asymptomatique. L’EE est souvent aussi proposée pour vérifier la « normalisation » des particularités de l’ECG de repos de l’athlète. Les limites de l’EE doivent être bien connues

du praticien prescripteur et être clairement expliquées au sportif. En effet, cet examen ne doit pas être assimilé à une assurance tout risque. Ainsi, si l’EE détecte assez bien la maladie coronaire « installée », ayant un retentissement sur le débit coronaire à l’effort, sa valeur prédictive de survenue d’un NVP-BGJ398 molecular weight accident aigu par érosion ou MTMR9 rupture de plaque lipidique molle est très faible. La survenue d’un syndrome coronaire aigu chez un sportif, en règle générale vétéran, dans les mois qui suivent la réalisation d’une EE normale, n’est pas rare. De même, le pouvoir déclenchant et la reproductibilité de ce test pour les arythmies sont médiocres. Le sportif, surtout vétéran ou avec un risque cardiovasculaire significatif, bien informé doit

comprendre et accepter les limites de cet examen et consulter au moindre symptôme inhabituel même s’il a réalisé une EE classée « normale » récemment. De même, le sportif qui reprend une pratique sportive doit toujours accepter une reprise très progressive sur 6 à 8 semaines, quel que soit le résultat de l’EE. Les indications de l’EE doivent donc être ciblées et non systématiques. Les sportifs de haut niveau, inscrits sur les listes de leur fédération, doivent légalement avoir une EE, à visée diagnostique et non de suivi de l’entraînement, au moins tous les 4 ans. Chez tous les pratiquants, l’EE est nécessaire en cas de symptôme ou de pathologie cardiovasculaire connue (y compris l’hypertension artérielle) et dès qu’un doute clinique et/ou ECG plane sur l’intégrité de leur système cardiovasculaire. Nous avons vu qu’avant 35 ans, chez un sportif asymptomatique, l’EE n’était pas recommandée. En effet, dans cette population, la prévalence de la maladie coronaire est très faible et l’EE ne sera pas assez discriminante.

The assessor lifts the right

lower leg so that the right hip and knee are flexed to 90 degrees. From this position, the amount of hip flexion is maintained at 90 degrees while the right knee is passively and carefully extended selleck kinase inhibitor with one hand on the distal posterior surface of the leg. The amount of resistance is monitored manually and the knee is extended until firm resistance to further motion is felt. During this procedure, a standard 360 degree plastic goniometer with two arms 45 cm long and 4.5 cm wide was used to determine the popliteal angle, using the greater trochanter, lateral femoral epicondyle, and lateral malleolus as anatomical reference points. Each knee’s extension lack angle was then calculated as 180 degrees minus the popliteal angle. The passive knee extension test has excellent interrater reliability and good test-retest reliability (Gnat et al 2010). Baseline characteristics were analysed using descriptive statistics and are presented as means with standard deviations. Change in the extension lack ABT-737 angle on the passive knee extension test was compared between groups with an independent t-test and is presented as a mean between-group difference in change with a 95% CI. This analysis assumes that the data from both knees of the same participant

are not substantially correlated, which is consistent with existing literature (Baltaci et al 2003). However, to confirm this, we also present the same analysis of the data from the right knees independently of the data from the left knees to illustrate that these data provide very similar estimates of the magnitude of the effect. Significance level was set a priori at p < 0.05. In the absence of an established minimum clinically worthwhile difference in the extension lack angle on the passive knee extension test, we nominated 10 degrees. We used the largest estimate of the standard deviation of the change in this variable from

O’Sullivan and colleagues (2009) to account for the duration of our intervention period. A total of 24 participants would provide 80% probability of detecting a difference of 10 degrees in extension lack angle at a two-sided significance level. To allow for some loss to follow-up, we Levetiracetam increased the total sample size to 30. Thirty individuals (sixty knees) participated and underwent familiarisation and baseline testing. Randomisation assigned 15 subjects to the experimental group and 15 subjects to the control group (30 knees in each group). Baseline characteristics of the two groups are presented in Table 1 and the first two columns of Table 2. All participants completed the interventions as randomly allocated and all completed post intervention measurement at 8 weeks (Figure 1). Vibration sessions were performed by an expert physiotherapist who had more than 10 years of experience in the field of musculoskeletal physiotherapy.

litura and A. aegypti. The LD50 values of chloroform crude extracts of C. decandra were less than

500 μg/mL (300 μg/mL–500 μg/mL). Among three organic solvent extracts, chloroform extracts were comparatively more effective against the third and forth instar larvae at very low concentrations. Three crude extracts with promising larvicidal activity, having LD50 and LD90 values being 421.9 μg/mL and 1052.6 μg/mL for methanol extract, 328.5 μg/mL and 645.3 μg/mL for chloroform extract and 892.6 μg/mL and 2019.1 μg/mL for ethanol extract, respectively against 3rd instar larvae, where as promising larvicidal activity having LD50 and LD90 values this website against 4th instar larvae being 671.2 μg/mL and 1595.3 μg/mL for methanol extract, 498.6 μg/mL and 1153.9 μg/mL for chloroform extract, 1792.4 μg/mL and 3584.3 μg/mL for ethanol extract respectively. The 3rd and 4th instar larvae of S. litura are more susceptible to the chloroform extracts of C. decandra. The larvicidal effects of crude extracts of three organic solvent (methanol, chloroform, and ethanol) extracts of C. decandra leaves were determined ( Table 3) against laboratory-reared 3rd and 4th instar larvae of A. aegypti. 16, 17, 18 and 19 The chloroform

BAY 73-4506 extracts of LD50 on 3rd and 4th instar larvae were below 400 μg/mL (251.2 and 309.7 μg/mL respectively). The 3rd instar larvae of A. aegypti showed more susceptibility to chloroform extracts at LD50 and LD90 than 4th instar larvae. The methanolic extracts of LD50 and LD90 on 3rd and 4th instar larvae of A. aegypti being 473.1 μg/mL and 981.5 μg/mL, 705.3 μg/mL and 1639 μg/mL, where as the ethanolic extracts of LD50 and LD90 on 3rd and Sodium butyrate 4th instar larvae being 513.4 μg/mL and 1472.5 μg/mL, 974.3 μg/mL and 1883.1 μg/mL. The chloroform crude extracts of leaves of C. decandra showed promising larvicidal activity against S. litura and A. aegypti. This investigation demonstrates the potency of organic solvent extracts of leaves of C. decandra in controlling the wide spreading of fungal diseases and larvae and thus contributes

as an affordable way to control phytopathogenic fungi, S. litura and A. aegypti. This is explained by the different solvents properties, such as polarity that enables them to extract different type of compound(s) that results in different larvicidal properties. All authors have none to declare. Authors wish to express their sincere thanks to Prof. Appa Rao Chippada, Dept. of Biochemistry, S.V. University, Tirupathi, for providing necessary facilities and guidance to prepare extractions. Authors thankful to Dr. K. Prabhakar Rao, Scientist, Biotechnology Division, CTRI, Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh for providing phytopathogenic fungi. “
“Free radicals are considered as the products of normal metabolic processes in the human body, but when produced in excess, they cause damage to biomolecules.

and Coudeville is that ours assumes that people can only undergo natural infection by up to two dengue serotypes while they assume that up to four infections are possible. Our assumption is supported by the low frequency of tertiary and quaternary infections among hospital cohorts [8] and [19] and by the broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibody response that is maintained after secondary infection. However, whether tertiary and quaternary play some role in the transmission dynamics

of dengue is still under debate. Relaxing this assumption would remove the competition between serotypes imposed by learn more our model, and in general lead to greater reductions in cumulative incidence with the use of partially effective vaccines. Our model makes the assumption that the probability

of developing clinically apparent disease is higher in the presence of pre-existing immunity, regardless of whether this immunity is the result of natural infection or vaccination. A similar assumption is made in the model SCR7 by Coudeville [22]. While in the context of natural infections it is well established that pre-existing immunity against a heterologous serotype is the main risk-factor for the development of severe disease [7], immunopathogenic effects of vaccine-induced immunity are yet to be elucidated. If heterologous vaccine induced immunity protects against infection or clinically apparent disease, the impact of partially effective vaccines will be greater than that estimated by our model. While we calibrated our transmission Parvulin parameters to fit the age distribution of seroprevalence and reported cases in Rayong, Thailand, current knowledge of dengue epidemiology can distinguish between

many of the scenarios that we simulated. Multiple studies have found evidence of heterogeneity [14], [31] and [32] but the extent to which heterogeneity in clinical expression, transmissibility or enhancement exists is not known. One of the main objectives of this research was to identify scenarios that could potentially result in adverse population effects after mass vaccination with partially effective vaccines, and therefore we deliberately chose to explore a wide parameter space, even if this resulted in unrealistic dynamics in some cases. There are important gaps in our understanding of serotype dynamics, cross-protection [33], enhancement and pathogenicity [34], [35] and [36]. Our results aim to represent hyperendemic areas generally, but predicting the potential impact of vaccination in any specific setting would require extensive serotype-specific longitudinal data that is only available from cohort studies. While our sensitivity analyses suggest that partially effective vaccines have the potential to be even more useful in settings with stable low transmission, better understanding of the changing epidemiology of dengue in settings of more recent re-emergence (e.g.

All of these protocols followed the International Guiding Principles for Research Involving Animals. Alexa Fluor 750 (AF750) succinimidyl ester and DOPE-NH2 were conjugated as previously described [25]. Only conjugated Alexa Fluor 750 was detected by TLC (Rf = 0.6), indicating that conjugation was complete. The fluorescently labelled

AF750-NLc liposomes were prepared by incorporating AF750-DOPE into the lipid mixture (0.01 molar ratio). Similarly, fluorescently labelled FITC-NLc liposomes were prepared by incorporating Fluorescein-DHPE (Molecular Probes, Life Technologies Corp., USA) into the lipid mixture (0.01 molar ratio). The in vivo biodistribution of the NLc liposomes in adult zebrafish (0.39 ± 0.04 g weight) was studied E7080 using the AF750-NLc liposomes. The liposomes were administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection or by immersion. Administration by i.p. injection: adult zebrafish (n = 4 per condition) were anaesthetised

(MS-222, 40 ppm) and given 10 μl of AF750-NLc check details liposomes (380 mg/kg liposome containing 12.6 mg/kg of poly[I:C] and 6.3 mg/kg of LPS). At 24, 48 and 72 h post-injection, the fish were anaesthetised (160 ppm) and imaged in the IVIS Spectrum platform (excitation: 745 nm; emission: 800/820/840 nm, Calliper, PerkinElmer, USA). For the ex vivo imaging, the zebrafish were killed by over-anaesthetisation (200 ppm) and their organs were extracted and then, imaged in the IVIS Spectrum platform. Administration by immersion: adult zebrafish (n = 4 per condition) were immersed in a tank containing AF750-NLc liposomes (500 μg/ml liposome

containing 16.6 μg/ml of poly(I:C) and 8.3 μg/ml of LPS) for 30 min, and then placed back into a tank of clean water. At 0 and 12 h post-immersion, the fish were anaesthetised and imaged in the IVIS Spectrum platform (as described above). For the ex vivo imaging analyses, the zebrafish were killed by over-anaesthetisation (200 ppm), and their organs were extracted and then, imaged in the IVIS Spectrum platform. The images were analysed using Caliper Living Image 4.1 software (PerkinElmer). For the ex vivo analysis, the Region of Interest (ROI) was measured and Cell press the data were represented as the Radiance Efficiency (RE) divided by the mean area of each organ. FITC-NLc liposomes were used to study the cells targeted by the NLc liposomes in rainbow trout. Animals (n = 4, ∼125 g weight) were anaesthetised and i.p. injected with 200 μl of FITC-NLc liposomes (96.0 mg/kg liposome containing 3.18 mg/kg of poly(I:C) and 1.59 mg/kg of LPS) or 200 μl PBS (controls). After 24 h, the fish were sacrificed for head kidney and spleen dissection. Adherent trout monocyte/macrophages were isolated as previously described [26]. Every 24 h, cells were studied by flow cytometry analysis (FACSCanto cytometer, Becton Dickinson, USA) or by confocal microscopy imaging (Zeiss LSM 700, Germany). Adult zebrafish (0.

, 2000) and school characteristics (Fredrickson et al., 1997 and Linton et al., 2003). Few factors related to BCG vaccination in Québec have been described, except that rates were higher in rural (80%) than in urban (60%) areas (Frappier et al., 1971). We aimed to identify the determinants of BCG vaccination – including socio-economic, demographic, and individual characteristics – among children born in the province of Québec in 1974. Furthermore,

we aimed to assess if these determinants differed between subjects who received BCG within the vaccination program (in 1974), and those vaccinated after the program had ended (1975 onwards). Our study was conducted in two stages. Firstly, SP600125 a retrospective birth cohort – the Québec Birth Cohort on Immunity and Health (QBCIH) – was established by record linkage of administrative databases. Secondly, telephone interviews were conducted on a subset of

learn more subjects using a two-stage sampling strategy with a balanced design (Collet et al., 1998). Ethical approval was obtained from all institutions involved and the provincial Commission d’accès à l’information. The QBCIH was assembled in 2011 through probabilistic linkage of several provincial administrative databases. These included the Birth Registry, the 2010 Healthcare Registration File (universal public health system), and the Québec BCG Vaccination Registry. Children born in the province of Québec, Canada, in 1974 at ≥ 32 weeks of gestation were eligible. A cohort of 81,496 subjects was assembled, representing 90.5% of eligible persons. Potential determinants of BCG vaccination were extracted from the Birth Registry (9 variables): gender, number of older siblings,

parents’ age at child birth, parents’ birthplace classified by % gross domestic product (GDP) used on health expenditure (WHO, (2010 data); Zwerling et al., n.d.), child’s birth weight, gestational age, and birth weight for gestational age. Two additional variables based on the subject’s 1991 postal code extracted Farnesyltransferase from the Healthcare Registration File were considered: rural or urban residence according to the Canada Post definition (Statistics Canada, 1991) and median census family income (Statistics Canada, 1991). In 2012, subjects were randomly sampled for recruitment to a telephone interview among 4 strata defined by cross-tabulating BCG vaccination (vaccinated or not) and asthma status (asthmatic defined by ≥ 2 asthma-related medical service claims or ≥ 1 hospitalization according to health databases). In a balanced design, a similar number of subjects are recruited within each stratum (Collet et al., 1998). Although approved by the ethics committees, the research team was not granted access to subjects’ telephone numbers by the healthcare provider. A valid telephone number was found for 70% of subjects and among those, the participation rate was 56% (n = 1643) and did not vary by strata.

(2010) suggest that this tissue also participates in the expression and propagation of seizures. The cerebellum coordinates smooth motor activities and processes muscle position (Hansen and Koeppen, 2002). More studies are needed to evaluate the association of these tissues with epileptic seizures. The results of the present study demonstrate that both organic and conventional grape juices show important neuroprotective effects against PTZ-induced oxidative damage in rats. This effect could be important in reducing neuronal damage and, therefore, allow for a better quality of life for epileptic patients. Additionally, the open field test (Fig. 1) shows that neither grape juice affects

the behavior (locomotor and exploratory activities) of animals. Still, organic grape juice shows a tendency to decrease the anxiety of the rats. These Everolimus chemical structure findings indicate that grape juices will provide further insights into natural neuroprotective compounds and may lead to the development of therapeutic strategies for epileptic

this website patients in pharmaceutical or nutraceutical areas. The authors would like to thank the staff of the Laboratories of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, especially Aline Cerbaro, Bárbara Costa and Taís Pozzer, as well as José Inácio Gonzalez for their contributions to the treatment of the animals. We also thank Vinícola Perini and Cooperativa Aecia de Agricultores Ecologistas

Ltda. for providing the grape juices. We thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)-PRONEX/CNPq number 10/0044-3 for their financial support of this research study. “
“The authors regret that in the original manuscript, the wrong Western blot was erroneously displayed for actin. This has been corrected in this revised panel. Correct actin immunoblot for Fig. 9A is shown below. Figure options Download full-size image Download as PowerPoint slideThe authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. “
“Gangliosides are a large family of glycosphingolipids, structurally characterized whatever by a ceramide hydrophobic core linked to an oligosaccharide chain, which usually contains at least one sialic acid residue. They are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus through sequential glycosylation and sialylation of a glucosylceramide moiety (Tettamanti, 2004). Gangliosides amount to 10% of the brain membrane lipid content and act as the functional lipid component of the membrane rafts; they play important biochemical roles in cell biology, taking part in some processes like cell differentiation and maturation, synaptogenesis, intercellular communication, neuronal plasticity, and cell death/survival processes.

Bilimbi fruits are very sour and used in the production of vinegar, wine, pickles etc. The mature fruit can be eaten in natura or processed into jellies or jams other than act as preservative in food. 3 The ascorbic acid content of ripe bilimbi fruits was reported to be 60.95 mg/100 g. 4 The fruits are good remedy for scurvy and beneficial in diarrhoea, hepatitis and in inflammatory

condition. 5 Syrup made from the fruits is used in febrile PF-06463922 ic50 excitement, haemorrhages and internal haemorrhoids; also in diarrhoea, bilious colic and hepatitis. 6 The fruit is used as astringent, stomachic and refrigerant. The fruit in the form of curry is useful in piles and scurvy. In French Guiana the syrup LGK 974 of the fruit, or a decoction of the fruit are prescribed in inflammatory conditions, chiefly in hepatitis; they are also

administered to relieve fever; diarrhoea and bilious colic. 7 Ambili et al. (2009), suggested that the fruit can be used as a dietary ingredient to prevent as well as treat hyperlipidaemia. 8A. bilimi fruits possess antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. 9 According to Kolar et al. (2011), the fruit extract of A. bilimbi has potential antioxidant capacity and its consumption may contribute substantial amount of antioxidants to the diet. 2 In spite of the numerous medicinal uses attributed to this plant, there is no detailed pharmacognostical report on the macroscopy, anatomical markers, microscopy etc. Therefore, the present investigation of A. bilimbi L. fruit was undertaken to evaluate and establish quality control as per Indian Pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines, which will help in identification as well as in standardization.

10 and 11 The WHO accepts fingerprint chromatography Tryptophan synthase as an identification and quality evaluation technique for medicinal herbs since 1991.12 Fingerprints can be a unique identification utility for herbs and their different species.13 and 14 Therefore HPTLC fingerprint has been also developed for A. bilimbi L. fruit. Herbarium of A. bilimbi L. was prepared and authenticated from Blatter Herbarium, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai. Fresh fruits of A. bilimbi L. were collected from Fort, Mumbai, M.S., India, washed under running tap water and blotted dry for further studies. The fruits were dried in preset oven at 40 ± 2 °C for about one week, ground into powder and used for further analysis. Physicochemical constants such as the percentage of total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash; water soluble and alcohol soluble extractive values were calculated according to the methods described in Indian Pharmacopoeia. 15 Preliminary phytochemical analysis of powdered fruit was performed as described by Khandelwal 16 and Kokate. 17 Fluorescence analysis was conducted using methods of Kokoski 18 and Chase and Pratt.