0 × 10−20–1.0 × 10−8 M) were injected sequentially. The binding of the target

protein (BSA) to the imprinted cavities on the surface of the electrode resulted in a decrease of the registered capacitance and the change was calculated automatically by CapSenze Smart Software (CSS). In all of the analysis, the flow rate was 100 μL/min and the injected sample volume was 250 μL. The effects Talazoparib mw of type (phosphate and Tris–HCl buffers, 10 mM), pH (6.0–8.0) and ionic strength of the running buffer to the BSA detection were evaluated by monitoring the change of capacitance signal at the same standard concentration of BSA (1.0 × 10−10 M). In order to show the selectivity of the BSA imprinted electrode, the responses of the capacitive system against the competitive proteins HSA and IgG were monitored. The protein solutions were applied in singular manner and also, mixed solutions of HSA, IgG and BSA were studied in competitive manner. The protein concentration was 1.0 × 10−10 M for each protein during the analysis. Samples of solutions of the individual proteins were also analyzed using NIP-electrodes. BSA was detected repeatedly, using the assay cycle; equilibration-injection-regeneration,

for 70 times. The reproducibility of the assay was evaluated by monitoring the change in capacitance at the same concentration of standard BSA solution, 1.0 × 10−10 M. Proper insulation of the electrode surface is an important step in the capacitive biosensor assay [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46] and [47]. Cyclic Mephenoxalone voltammetry AC220 molecular weight (CV) is the generally used method in the presence of a permeable redox couple to evaluate the degree of insulation of the electrode surface. As shown in Fig. 3, the degree of insulation increased after modification of the electrode surface with tyramine and acryloyl chloride. The density of the surface after each step increased, compared to that of the bare surface. Finally, treatment with 1-dodecanethiol reduced the redox currents substantially and the surface was completely blocked. The

cyclic voltammetry results show that the surface of the electrode is insulated well and it can be used in the subsequent capacitive measurements. The BSA imprinted electrode was placed in the electrochemical flow cell and it was connected to the automated flow-injection system. The operating conditions of the capacitive system were optimized for type, pH and ionic strength of the running buffer. For the influence of type of buffer; 10 mM phosphate and 10 mM Tris–HCl; were tested. The pH of the buffer solution was investigated in the range of 6.0–8.0. Standard BSA solutions of 1.0 × 10−10 M were prepared in each of these buffers and injected into the system. There was no significant capacitance difference between these buffers in the studied BSA concentration (Fig. 4(A)). However, phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 gave a more stable baseline and thus, the capacitance change was more clear.

Br. J. Cancer l1957;11: 229–248. [9] Hindmarsh Lumacaftor research buy M, Owen, M., Vaughan, J., Lamerton, L.F. and Spiers, F.W. The relative hazards of 90Sr and Ra Br. J. Radiol., l1958;31,: 518–533. [10] Hindmarsh M, Owen, M. and Vaughan, J. A note on the distribution of radium and a calculation of the radiation dose non-uniformity factor for radium 226 and strontium 90 in the femur of a luminous dial painter. Br. J. Radiol. l1959;32. [11] Owen M, Vaughan, J.. Radiation dose and its relation to damage in the rabbit tibia following a single injection and daily feeding of 90Sr. Br. J. Cancer l1959;13:

424–438. [12] Owen M, Vaughan, J. Dose-rate measurements in the rabbit tibia following uptake of 90Sr. Br. J. Radiol. l1959;32: 714–724. [13] Owen M, Vaughan, J. Radiation dose and its relation to damage in the rabbit tibia following a single injection and daily feeding of 90Sr. Br. J. Cancer l1959;13: 424–438. [14] Vaughan JMaO, M. . The use of autoradiography in

the measurement of radiation dose-rate in rabbit bones following the administration of 90Sr. Lab. Invest l1959;8: 181–193. [15] Rushton M, Owen, M. Holgate, W., Vaughan, J. The relation of radiation dose to radiation damage in the mandible of weanling rabbits. Archs oral Biol l1961;3: 235–246. [16] Macpherson S, Owen, M., Vaughan, J. The relation of radiation dose to radiation damage in the tibia of weanling rabbits injected with strontium 90. Br. J.Radiol. l1962;35: 221–234. [17] Owen M, Macpherson, S. Cell population kinetics of an osteogenic tissue selleckchem II. J. Cell Biol l1963;19: 33–44. [18] Owen M. Cell population kinetics of an osteogenic find more tissue. J. Cell Biol l1963;19: 19–32. [19] Owen M. Cell differentiation in bone. In: Proc. 2nd European Symposium Calcified Tissues,. Liege, Belgium Congr. Colloq., Univ. de Liege;

1964. p. 11–22. [20] Owen M. RNA synthesis in growing bone. In: Fleisch H, Blackwood, H.J.J., Owen, M., editor. 3rd European Symposium on Calcified Tissues: Springer Verlag, Heidelberg.; 1966. p. 36–40. [21] Owen M. Uptake of [3H] uridine into precursor pools and RNA in osteogenic cells. J. Cell Sci. l1967;2: 39–56. [22] Owen M, Shetlar, M.R.. Uptake of 3H-glucosamine by osteoclasts. Nature l1968; 20: 1335–1336. [23] Owen M, Bingham, P.J. The effect of parathyroid extract on RNA synthesis in osteogenic cells in vivo. In: Talmage RV, Belanger, L.F., editor. Parathyroid Hormone and Thyrocalcitonin (Calcitonin); 1968. p. 216–225. [24] Bingham PJ, Brazell, I.A., Owen, M. The effect of parathyroid extract on cellular activity and plasma calcium levels in vivo. J. Endocrinology l1969;45: 387–400. [25] Owen M. The origin of bone cells. Int. Rev.Cytology l1970;28: 213–238. [26] Ashton BA, Herring, G.M., Owen, M., Triffitt, J.T. Studies on the non-collagenous proteins of bone. Israel J. Med. Sci. l1971; 7: 409–411. [27] Brazell I, Owen, M. Some effects of actinomycin D on ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis in osteogenic cells. Clin. Orthop. l1971;79: 173–186.

, 1999). The foci can be measured by different techniques in what is known as the γH2AX assay to give an account of the DSBs. In addition, this marker is conserved across eukaryotic evolution, CFTR modulator giving

the γH2AX assay potential use not only in human studies but also in other organisms including plants (Redon et al., 2011b). The standard battery of genotoxicity tests measure fixed DNA damage as their endpoint e.g. mutations in the Ames test (OECD, 1997a) or chromosome damage in the in vitro micronucleus test ( OECD, 2010). However, measuring total DNA damage could provide a complement to the current tests. In general, DNA damage could produce genome instability or cell death.

Mis-repaired DNA damage could lead to mutation and unrepaired DNA damage to chromosome breaks. Moreover, repeat DNA damage could saturate the cell repair system leading to accumulation of unrepaired lesions. The γH2AX assay can provide an indication Belnacasan price of DNA damage which can be used as a pre-screening tool or as a complement to the standard battery of genotoxicity tests ( Watters et al., 2009). From the total number of assays described to measure genotoxicity in vitro, only a small number are accepted for regulatory purposes. These are deemed acceptable for estimating the genotoxic risks posed by compounds commercially employed for human use and thus are required by regulatory authorities. This group includes the Ames test, mouse lymphoma assay (MLA), the micronucleus and chromosomal aberration tests. These assays have been extensively validated and are accompanied by an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline describing the proper conduct of these tests. There is a wealth of literature available on each Mirabegron of these genotoxicity assays. Therefore, this section will only briefly

describe each assay, its application and limitations. The Ames test is a bacterial gene mutation assay widely used for its simplicity, accuracy and low cost (OECD, 1997a). The assay measures the number of colonies formed after exposure to the test chemical. If the bacteria have suffered mutations, the frequency of colonies would be significantly higher than the frequency of colonies in the negative control cultures. This assay detects most tested genotoxic carcinogens with a high sensitivity. However, the Ames test sometimes fails to detect genotoxic compounds, primarily those that cause large DNA deletions or compounds that are non-DNA reactive (aneugens and carcinogens that have a non-genotoxic mechanisms). Other carcinogenic compounds that have a specific target in mammalian cells such as the cell division spindle apparatus or DNA polymerases and topoisomerases can also be mislabelled by the Ames test.

The seawater was added to 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks to a final volume of 300 mL

and sample treatments were spiked with a final concentration of 10 μg L−1 glyphosate. The same volume of carrier was added to control sample flasks and was 0.0004% (v/v). Each flask was stoppered with autoclaved silicone bungs to allow for aerobic conditions. The physical/chemical characteristics of the filtered seawater were measured for: pH, DIC, DOC, DIN, DON, TSS, bacterial counts (see below) see more and particle size distribution. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the microbial populations in the seawater used in the experiment. Samples were fixed with 5% formaldehyde and stored at 4 °C. Sub-samples were stained using Sybr Green, diluted to 1:10,000, and allowed to develop in the dark for 30 min. Samples were run using a BD Accuri C6 cytometer (BD Biosciences, CA, USA) equipped with a red and blue laser (488 nm, 50 mW maximum solid state; 640 nm, 30 mW diode) and standard filter setup. Flow rate was 14 μL min−1, 10-μm core. The natural microbial

community populations and their abundances were measured for the initial seawater as well as treatments for the experiment using the Accuri CFlow plus software. For each sampling period, 5 mL control and glyphosate samples were collected and stored at 4 °C. The glyphosate PD0332991 solubility dmso samples were then sent to Queensland Health Forensic and Scientific Services (Coopers Plains, Australia) for analysis. Standards and blanks were derivatised with fluorenylmethylchloroformate. The derivatisation procedure follows a published method with minor adjustments for volume of sample available (Hanke et al., 2008). The sample was then concentrated on a SPE cartridge (Phenomenex Strata X 200 mg 3 m L−1) prior to analysis by HPLC-MS/MS. The glyphosate and degradation product concentrations were determined by HPLC-MS/MS using an ABSciex 4000Q Trap mass spectrometer (ABSciex, Concord, Ontario, Canada) equipped with an electrospray (TurboV) interface and coupled to a Shimadzu Prominence HPLC system (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan). Column conditions

were as follows: Phenomenex Gemini-NX C18 column FAD (Phenomenex, Torrance, CA) 3 μm 30 × 2.0 mm, 40 °C, with a flow rate of 0.35 mL min−1. The column was conditioned prior to use and for analyte separation required a linear gradient starting at 0% B for 1.0 min, ramped to 100% B in 8 min then held at 100% for 2 min followed by equilibration at 0% B for 7 min (A = HPLC grade water, B = 95% methanol in HPLC grade water, both containing 5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.008% (v/v) 32% ammonia solution). The mass spectrometer was operated in the negative ion, multiple reaction-monitoring mode (MRM) using nitrogen as the collision gas. The transition ions monitored after sample derivatisation were 390/168, 390/150 for glyphosate and 332/110, 332/136 for AMPA.

For the separation of sucrose, the zeolites CaX and MgX presented the most promising results, since they adsorbed about 250 g/L after 60 min of reaction. The amount of glucose adsorbed after 60 min increased according to the following

sequence of zeolite forms: Ba2+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < K+ < Sr2 < Na+. Considering the fructose separation, the amount adsorbed increased according to the following sequence of zeolite forms: Sr2 < Ca2+ < K+ < Mg2+ < Ba2+ < Na+. Considering the sucrose separation, the amount adsorbed increased according to the following sequence of zeolite forms: K+ < Na+ < Sr2 < Ba2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+. Epacadostat Heper et al. (2007) evaluated the separation of glucose and fructose using the Y zeolite. Considering the fructose adsorption, the amount adsorbed increased

according to the sequence NH4+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < Ca2+, while the amount of glucose adsorbed increased according to the sequence NH4+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Na+. These results are similar to the one obtained in this work. Gramblicka & Polakovic (2007) reported the capacity of the adsorbents Diaion, Dowex, Lewatit and Amberlite to recovery of individual saccharides and verified that the adsorbed amounts decreased in the order fructose > glucose > sucrose > kestose > nystose > fructofuranosylnystose. In addition, Gramblicka & Polakovic (2007) verified that the sieve effect of the resins were the primary cause of the SRT1720 cell line different partitioning of the investigated saccharides between the solid and liquid phases. This also explains that no effect of the concentration on the distribution coefficients was observed at the multicomponent adsorption from the mixture of FOS. The authors also PAK6 assumed

that obtained isotherms for individual FOS were not affected by the presence of other species of the mixture. The low performance of the BaX zeolite to recovery glucose could be due to the fact that the hydrated Ba ions cannot migrate into the sodalite unit and the hexagonal prism during ion exchange because of their large ionic radii. They occupy positions in the supercage and can interact with the adsorbents even at a low degree of exchange (Schöllner, Einicke, & Gläser, 1993). Based on the experimental results, the most appropriated forms to separate glucose, fructose and sucrose from the reaction medium are the forms NaX, NaX or BaX and MgX or CaX, respectively. Nevertheless, the choice of the most appropriated form to separate these sugars can be made according to a numerical analysis of the model parameters in terms of adsorption rates and mass transfer resistances involved in the process. In this sense, therefore, the experimental data from Fig. 1 were used to estimate the model parameters for each zeolite form, which are presented at Table 1. Before the analysis of the model parameters, some aspects concerning the convergence and stability of the parameter estimation should be overviewed.

As this is in a sense the theme of this entire book, it is dealt

with in other chapters, but a brief summary can be given here (see also Tipton et al., 2014). Any report of a kinetic investigation should specify how many complete independent experiments were carried out, and should include estimation of the precision of the parameters obtained. For oligomeric enzyme it should be clear whether the values are relative to one subunit or for one molecule. If the enzyme molarity is known (as will usually be the case for well characterized enzymes today), the catalytic constant kcat should be reported, but otherwise the limiting rate V. Ideally, kinetic values for Fluorouracil both the forward and reverse directions of reaction should be reported, especially if the equilibrium constant is such that the reverse reaction can be expected to be significant. It is especially important to report data for the reverse reaction if the results are intended for metabolic modelling, but they can also provide valuable

mechanistic information. The method used for calculating the kinetic parameters should be specified, together with the assumptions made about error distribution. The criterion EPZ-6438 nmr used for choosing a particular equation to fit should be given. For example, if parameters are reported for competitive inhibition, what criteria were used to decide that any uncompetitive component in the inhibition could be neglected? If the inhibitor concentration for 50% inhibition is reported (not recommended in serious kinetic studies, but commonplace in pharmacological studies), appropriate mechanism-based

inhibition constants should also be reported. In all reports the ranges of concentrations (substrate always, inhibitors etc. if relevant) used should be clearly stated, as should all other relevant conditions, including the pH, the type of buffer, and the temperature. The author has no conflict of interest. “
“Detailed kinetic HSP90 mathematical models of metabolic pathways are often built on enzyme-kinetic data determined under conditions that do not resemble the environment inside the cell. This does not fit the goal of understanding the in vivo dynamics of metabolic pathways and may lead to discrepancies between these mathematical models and the experimental data. Recently, initiatives were taken to develop in vivo-like assay media for measuring activities of enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lactococcus lactis, Escherichia coli and Trypanosoma brucei ( van Eunen et al., 2010, Goel et al., 2012, García-Contreras et al., 2012 and Leroux et al., 2013). For the latter three organisms the strategy described in van Eunen et al. (2010) was used as a blueprint to achieve a transparent definition of standard assay media.

While the epidermis turns over in its entirety once a month, the skeleton is completely replaced by a new one (or, an equivalent mass of tissue) 3–5 times in a lifetime

(between skeletal maturity and death). One would argue that a stem cell could be dispensable learn more for coping with this specific physiological need. Stated in a less teleological way, one would wonder why a system of stem and progenitor cells would be evolutionarily selected and conserved in the skeleton. Similar considerations, many years later, apply to many other systems seen today as dependent on some kind of stem cell. For example, we consider that a neural stem cell exists in specific

regions of the brain, even if postnatal neurogenesis is very limited in rodents, and its very existence is still open to question in FGFR inhibitor humans. Most importantly, we have extended significantly the use of the term “stem cell” beyond its original definition, which was tailored on postnatal self-renewing tissues. Attempts to define a set of functions as defining all kinds of cells we call stem cells have met a limit. Embryonic pluripotent stem cells (ES cells) and postnatal stem cells display majorly different biological properties. No postnatal (stem) cell is pluripotent, unless modified into an Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cell. As applied to cultured ES cells, furthermore, the term self-renewal has a different meaning compared

to the one it has in postnatal stem cells. Unlike postnatal stem cells, ES cells do not self-renew in vivo for the lifespan of the organism. Pluripotency can however be maintained in ES cells as these are cultured as continuous lines in vitro, under specific conditions. The extended use of the term “stem cell” (and of the terminology describing stem cell properties) for Dolutegravir chemical structure vastly different biological systems calls, in fact, for a more precise appreciation of the physiological function that is encrypted in each kind of stem cell, and evolutionarily conserved. For embryonic pluripotency, diapause (the ability of some species to arrest embryo development and to resume it depending on environmental and nutritional conditions) can be tentatively conceived as the function conserved across a number of species, but not in primates [40]. For other systems, specific conserved functions remain to be identified, and each is linked to gross properties of the relevant “stem” cell system (growth kinetics, differentiation potential), and to the underpinning regulatory circuits. Identifying the properties and circuits that define the stem cells in bone rests not on the analogy, but on the divergence of the system from the hematopoietic system.

All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript before submission. The funders had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. This work was supported by the Wellcome

Trust (grants GR063560, GR085979, GR090886), and the BUPA Foundation (BUPA medical research prize). ME is a Scottish Senior Clinical Research Fellow (Scottish Chief Scientist Office/Scottish Funding Council) and Lister Research Prize Fellow (Lister Institute for Preventative Medicine). ME has received an unrestricted www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html research grant for minipig studies from Cheminova. Cheminova did not fund this study AZD1208 in vivo and had no role in the analysis, write up, or other aspects of the research. All other authors declare they have no competing financial interests. We thank Roy Davie, Charlotte Plunkett, Bodo Pfeiffer, Johann Baur and Steffen Krüger for technical help, Holly Lawson, Rachael Gregson, Frances

Reed, Mandoline Chesnil, and Gudrun Schoeffmann for anaesthetic support, David Kennedy for help setting up the model, Reinhard Kirstgen (BASF) for dimethoate EC40, Morten Pedersen (Cheminova) for experimental dimethoate EC35, and Nick Buckley, Martin Wilks, David Webb, and Nick Bateman for critical review. “
“En el artículo «Paciente con poliposis adenomatosa familiar y metástasis hepáticas de tumor neuroendocrino» (Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011;34[5]:329–332) de Concepción Grau García et al., se ha detectado un error en el nombre de uno de los autores. El nombre correcto es: Beatriz Sánchez Heras. “
“The safety of nanomaterials has been the focus of worldwide

concern because of the lack of information available regarding their potential risks for workers and the general population. Therefore, the toxicity of nanomaterials has been tested internationally. Nano-sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles (primary particle size <100 nm), one of the most typical industrial nanomaterials, have been utilized in sunscreen, cosmetics, and photo catalysis since the 1980s. Global demand for TiO2 nanomaterials was estimated at 2100–2500 tons L-gulonolactone oxidase per year in 2008 (Fuji Chimera Research Institute, Inc., 2009). Since TiO2 is water-insoluble and inert, it is generally regarded as having low toxicity in humans and is even used as an additive in food products. However, nano-sized particles may be more toxic or show a more widespread organ distribution than micron-sized particles (Donaldson et al., 2001, Donaldson et al., 2004, Oberdörster et al., 2005 and De Jong et al., 2008). In order to evaluate the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles, toxicokinetic data are beneficial.

Conversely, the extremely dry region, which occupies most of the South-Central area at time scales

of 6 and 12 months, increases toward the north and decreases in the SW extreme at the low frequency scale of 18 months. The most vulnerable area to extraordinary extreme hydrological droughts, represented by the portion with SPI18 (t) < −2 (Fig. 9c), includes the North-Central zones of Entre Rios, Santa Fe and Córdoba, South selleck chemicals llc of Santiago del Estero and SW of Corrientes provinces. The Southwestern corner shows average normal conditions during critical months of the study period, similar to the scale of 12 months (Fig. 9b). Most of the region, except for the northern portion above 28° S, shows a significant vulnerability to extreme dry events at intra-annual time scale, relevant for agriculture (Fig. 9a), with a large area experiencing extraordinary extreme droughts in critical months between 1901 and 2010. Our results showed

that low-frequency behavior of EPE in the NEA was differentiated into two distinct periods: a dry one between 1901 and 1960 and a wet one between 1970 and 2003. This behavior is associated with well-known Selleck PD 332991 long-term changes in precipitation starting in the 1950s and reported by several authors (e.g., Minetti and Vargas, 1998, Krepper and Sequeira, 1998 and Krepper and Garcia, 2004). The time series of SPI and wetness area coverage analyzed at different time scales, presents signs of stabilization and a trend reversal toward drier conditions since 2007. These results are consistent with those reported by Seager et al. (2010) for the whole SESA region. They argue that while the long-term trend toward wetter conditions in SESA was of great benefit to regional agriculture, there is no reason to expect this to continue since it seems to have been influenced by tropical SST anomalies associated with the AMO. This index is presumed to be shifting toward a positive phase (Ting et al., 2009) Non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase that may force

a decrease in SESA precipitation in the coming years. This implications and the results presented in this paper presumably indicate that hydrological wet EPE of high intensity, duration and spatial extent noticed between 1970 and 2003 could decline in the coming years. Viglizzo and Frank (2006) described a large drought episode in the 1930s and 1940s denoted as the “Pampas Dust Bowl” in the Western Pampas of Argentina. In our paper, the behavior of SPI fields and the area covered by droughts showed a dry period in the center of the study region between about 1925 and 1940 and for the Northwest extreme between 1930 and 1950 that might extend the “Pampas Dust Bowl” to the bulk of the NEA. The 1930s drought appears within a hemispherical symmetric pattern of precipitation anomalies across the Americas with drought in both the northern and southern extratropics.

, 2010).

Although venomics studies have revealed that metalloproteinases and serine proteinases are considered the most toxic components ( Cardoso et al., 2010), we found that B. alternatus venom showed only Omipalisib datasheet moderate proteolytic activity. Souza et al. (2000) found that B. alternatus venom contains a 55 kDa metalloproteinase, designated alternagin ( Souza et al., 2000), which has been shown to be the major component responsible for the hemorrhagic effect of this venom, despite the fact that it displayed low proteolytic activity on casein ( Gay et al., 2005). This could explain the moderate activity shown in the liquid assay and the absence of activity on the zymogram. B. alternatus showed the lowest LAAO activity. Venomics studies have demonstrated that B. alternatus venom contains five LAAO isoforms, with molecular masses ranging from 50 to 57 kDa (monomeric form), collectively accounting for 6.9% of the crude venom, and that there is a high homology between these LAAOs and those found in B. moojeni venom ( Ohler et al., 2010). Nevertheless, in the present study, the activity levels differed between those two species, a fact that might be attributable to the use of crude venom

rather than purified enzymes. Despite the relatively low overall enzymatic activity observed in our study, B. alternatus bites have often been reported to cause local tissue damage, hemorrhage, coagulation disorders, respiratory failure, renal failure, and shock ( Gay et al., 2009). On the basis of our results, we classified the enzymatic activity in the Depsipeptide mw venom of the five species evaluated as low, moderate or high (Fig. 8). Other authors have reported that venom components

are not homogeneously distributed among the various Bothrops species ( Ferreira et al., MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit 1992, Francischetti et al., 1998, Hodgson and Wickramaratna, 2002, Leite et al., 1992, Moura-da-Silva et al., 1990, Moura-da-Silva et al., 1991 and Zamuner et al., 2004). However, to our knowledge, this is the first study to compare these three enzyme classes. In particular, we found few studies examining LAAO activity in Bothrops species. We have demonstrated significant variation among Bothrops species in terms of the enzymes present in the venom. According to our classification, B. moojeni venom showed the highest enzyme activity, followed by the venoms of B. neuwiedi, B jararacussu, B. jararaca, and B. alternatus. Knowledge of such differences is of great relevance to the understanding of the effects of snake bite envenomation, antiserum production, taxonomy, and venom toxicity, as well as being essential to the study of venom components as potential therapeutic targets. The authors report no declarations of interest. The authors alone are responsible for the content of this manuscript. This work do not has an Ethical Statement because all the assays were done in vitro without animal use.