Although vertebral effects were not a part of this study, previous work by Zernicke et al. [16] found smaller L6 ash content in rats fed a https://www.selleckchem.com/products/chir-98014.html high-fat–sucrose diet over 2 years. Fig. 2 Bone mineral. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/NVP-AUY922.html a Young and e adult whole-body bone mineral density (aBMD) is unchanged in HFD; b young and f adult whole-body areal

bone mineral content (BMC) is lower for the yHFD vs. yLFD, which is likely due to reduced spinal aBMD. c Young and g adult areal bone mineral density of the femora are unchanged; d young and h adult areal bone mineral density of the spine are reduced for HFD despite increasing weight, leptin, and IGF-I. yLFD n = 15, yHFD n = 15, aLFD n = 13, aHFD n = 14 (*** p < 0.001) Bone geometry: cortical bone size effect reversed with age With respect to the measurements of bone size, femoral thickness in aHFD was smaller vs. aLFD (p < 0.01), likely due to reduced endocortical bone turnover as

measured by dynamic histomorphometry. yHFD showed an increase in femoral diameter compared to yLFD (p < 0.01), as summarized in Fig. 3. Fig. 3 Cortical bone size. a Young and d adult cortical thickness is reduced in adults only; b young and e adult femoral diameters are increased in yHFD vs. yLFD; c young and f adult femoral lengths are unchanged. g Histomorphometry results: Ma.Ar. marrow area (mm2), T.Ar. total cros-sectional area (mm2), Mean Ct.Wi. mean cortical width (μm), Ps.BFR and Ec.BFR periosteal and endocortical bone formation rate (μm3/μm2/γ). The general trend in the bone size data points to decreasing bone size in adults and increasing bone

size in young obese mice compared to LFD, as find more well as a shift from periosteal activity to endosteal activity with age. yLFD n = 15, yHFD n = 15, aLFD n = 13, aHFD n = 14 (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001) Bone histomorphometry measurements: periosteal and endosteal responses differ with diet Total cross-sectional area did not change significantly for either age group but mean cortical width was Parvulin 5% smaller in yHFD vs. yLFD (p < 0.05). The bone marrow cavity area was 17% larger in yHFD vs. yLFD (p < 0.05), which is in agreement with the cortical thickness finding and suggests larger levels of endocortical resorption in yHFD. The adult marrow area trended larger in HFD as well but this change was not significant. The endocortical bone formation rate (BFR) was unchanged in both age groups; however, periosteal BFR was higher in both age groups (p < 0.05). Aging may have differential effects on endocortical and periosteal response to HFD, and while the former decreases the latter may increase. These results are in agreement with prior aging studies even where obesity is not a factor; an effect that has been shown to occur independently of diet where increasing periosteal apposition is coupled with increasing endocortical remodeling with age [35].

In cases where the results of gene expression were negligible, the data were treated as 0 for statistical convenience. The Kaplan-Meier curve was used to analyze the overall survival of patients. A value of P < 0.05 (two-tailed test) was considered significant. Results General gene buy JNK-IN-8 expression in each group In the present study, we detected the expression of Lunx mRNA in different buy Milciclib pleural effusion patients. Lunx mRNA was positively detected in 89 of the 106 patients with pleural effusion caused by pulmonary carcinoma. Lunx mRNA expression

was not detected in patients with heart failure/hypoproteinemia or extrapulmonary carcinoma. However, one patient with pneumonia and three patients with tuberculosis were positive for Lunx mRNA expression. The Lunx mRNA expression in different groups is shown in Table 3. The pulmonary carcinoma patients with pleural effusion were grouped by the TNM classification, and there were three patients in stage I, one patient in stage II, and 106 patients in stage IV. The expression

levels in different groups are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Lunx mRNA expression in the pleural effusion of indicated patients. a: Levels of Lunx mRNA in patients with pleural effusions caused by different diseases. b: Levels of Lunx mRNA in patients with pleural effusions caused pulmonary carcinoma at different stages. The horizontal line indicates 103 copies/ml of Lunx mRNA. Copy numbers less than 103 copies/ml were considered negative. When the copy number of Lunx mRNA was not detectable, the results were shown as number undetected. Table 3 Expression of each marker in patients with pleural effusion RGFP966 mouse caused by different diseases Group n Lunx Cast-off CEA Positive Negative Positive Negative Positive Negative Pulmonary carcinoma 106 89 17 68 38 73 33 Pneumonia 13 1 12 0 13 0 13 Tuberculosis 42 3 39 0 42 6 36 Heart failure/hypoproteinemia

42 0 42 0 42 3 39 Extrapulmonary carcinoma 6 0 6 3 3 5 1 RT-PCR detection of Lunx mRNA was superior to the detection of cast-off cells and CEA in diagnosing MPEs caused by pulmonary carcinoma The detection of cast-off cells and CEA are commonly used methods for diagnosing MPEs. Therefore, we compared the efficiency of Lunx mRNA, cast-off cells, and CEA Dapagliflozin detection in diagnosing MPEs caused by pulmonary carcinoma and nonmalignant pleural effusions. Lunx mRNA was positively detected in 93 of 209 patients with pleural effusions. Of these patients, four were diagnosed with nonmalignant pleural effusions, and the others were diagnosed with MPEs caused by pulmonary carcinoma (Table 3). CEA was positively detected in 87 of 209 patients with pleural effusions. Of these patients, 73 were diagnosed with MPEs caused by pulmonary carcinoma, and nine patients were diagnosed with nonmalignant pleural effusions (Table 3). Sixty-eight patients with pleural effusions caused by pulmonary carcinoma were positive for cast-off cells in the pleural effusions.

J Phys Chem C 2008,112(32):12225–12233. doi: 10.​1021/​jp8027353 CrossRef 3. Kanjwal M, Barakat N, Sheikh F, W-i B, Khil M, Kim H: Effects of silver content and morphology

on the catalytic activity of silver-grafted titanium oxide nanostructure. Fibers Polym 2010,11(5):700–709. doi: 10.1007/s12221–010–0700-xCrossRef 4. Barakat NA, Kanjawal MA, Chronakis IS, Kim HY: Influence of temperature on the photodegradation process using Ag-doped TiO 2 nanostructures: negative impact with the nanofibers. J Mol Catal A Chem 2012,336(1):333–340. 5. Barakat NA, Kanjwal MA, Al-Deyab SS, Chronakis IS, Kim HY: Influences of silver-doping on the crystal structure, morphology and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanofibers. Mater Sci Appl 2011,2(9):1188–1193. 6. Prakash J, Tryk DA, Yeager EB: Kinetic investigations of oxygen reduction and evolution reactions on lead ruthenate catalysts. J Electrochem Soc 1999, 146:4145–4151.CrossRef Selleckchem Rabusertib 7. Guo YG, Hu JS, Wan LJ: Nanostructured materials for electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. Adv Mater 2008,20(15):2878–2887.CrossRef 8. Tian ZQ, Jiang SP, Liang YM, Shen PK: Synthesis and characterization of platinum catalysts on multiwalled carbon Y-27632 molecular weight nanotubes by intermittent microwave irradiation for fuel cell applications. J Phys Chem B 2006,110(11):5343–5350.CrossRef 9. Shen J, Hu Y, Li C, Qin C, Ye M:

ML323 chemical structure Pt-Co supported on single-walled carbon nanotubes as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2008,53(24):7276–7280.CrossRef 10.

Shao Y, Sui J, Yin G, Gao Y: Nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructures and their composites as catalytic materials for proton exchange membrane stiripentol fuel cell. Appl Catal, B 2008,79(1):89–99.CrossRef 11. Ren X, Zelenay P, Thomas S, Davey J, Gottesfeld S: Recent advances in direct methanol fuel cells at Los Alamos National laboratory. J Power Sources 2000,86(1):111–116.CrossRef 12. Liu Z, Ling XY, Su X, Lee JY: Carbon-supported Pt and PtRu nanoparticles as catalysts for a direct methanol fuel cell. J Phys Chem B 2004,108(24):8234–8240.CrossRef 13. Mu Y, Liang H, Hu J, Jiang L, Wan L: Controllable Pt nanoparticle deposition on carbon nanotubes as an anode catalyst for direct methanol fuel cells. J Phys Chem B 2005,109(47):22212–22216.CrossRef 14. Li W, Zhou W, Li H, Zhou Z, Zhou B, Sun G, Xin Q: Nano-structured Pt-Fe/C as cathode catalyst in direct methanol fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 2004,49(7):1045–1055.CrossRef 15. Yen CH, Shimizu K, Lin YY, Bailey F, Cheng IF, Wai CM: Chemical fluid deposition of Pt-based bimetallic nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for direct methanol fuel cell application. Energy Fuels 2007,21(4):2268–2271.CrossRef 16. Frackowiak E, Lota G, Cacciaguerra T, Béguin F: Carbon nanotubes with Pt-Ru catalyst for methanol fuel cell. Electrochem Commun 2006,8(1):129–132.CrossRef 17.

PubMedCrossRef 11. Mohajerani SH, Asghari S: Pattern of mid-facial fractures in Tehran, Iran. Dent Traumatol 2011,27(2):131–134.PubMedCrossRef 12. Al Ahmed HE, et al.: The pattern of maxillofacial fractures in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates: a review of 230 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2004,98(2):166–170.PubMedCrossRef 13. Klenk G, Kovacs A: Etiology Quisinostat ic50 and patterns of facial fractures in the United Arab Emirates. J Craniofac Surg 2003,14(1):78–84.PubMedCrossRef 14. Mouzakes J, et al.: The impact of airbags and seat belts on the incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries in automobile accidents in New York State. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

2001,127(10):1189–1193.PubMedCrossRef 15. Naveen Shankar A, et al.: The pattern of the maxillofacial fractures – a multicentre retrospective study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012,40(8):675–679.PubMedCrossRef 16. Gomes PP, Passeri LA, Barbosa JR: A 5-year retrospective study of zygomatico-orbital ACY-738 mouse complex and zygomatic arch fractures in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006,64(1):63–67.PubMedCrossRef 17. Allareddy V, Nalliah RP: Epidemiology of facial fracture injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011,69(10):2613–2618.PubMedCrossRef 18. Zargar M, et al.: Epidemiology study of facial injuries during a 13 month of trauma registry in Tehran. Indian J Med Sci 2004,58(3):109–114.PubMed 19. Gandhi selleck chemicals S, et al.: Pattern of

maxillofacial fractures at a tertiary hospital in northern India: a 4-year retrospective study of 718 patients. Dent Traumatol 2011,27(4):257–262.PubMedCrossRef 20. Telfer MR, Jones GM, Shepherd JP: Trends in the aetiology of maxillofacial fractures in the United Kingdom (1977–1987). Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991,29(4):250–255.PubMedCrossRef Decitabine 21. Laverick S, Patel N, Jones DC: Maxillofacial trauma and the role of alcohol. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008,46(7):542–546.PubMedCrossRef 22.

Hashemi HM, Beshkar M: The prevalence of maxillofacial fractures due to domestic violence–a retrospective study in a hospital in Tehran, Iran. Dent Traumatol 2011,27(5):385–388.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions EDA and AS conceived of the study, participated in the design of the study and drafted the manuscript. CK and EK participated in the sequence alignment and performed the statistical analysis EK carried out the imagining studies, and helped to draft the manuscript. FY, TD, MS participated in its design and coordination. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Duodenal perforation is an uncommon complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and a very rare complication of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Most series report a majority of non-life-threatening perforations which settle with conservative management [1, 2].

5 V, which is in good agreement with the observation confirmed by XRD spectra shown in Figure 1. Figure 2d,e shows the SEM micrographs of films deposited at −0.7 and −0.9 V vs. the reference electrode, respectively. These films exhibit a granular spherical morphology, and the average diameter of the grains tends to be approximately 50 nm. Optical properties Figure 3 illustrates the optical absorption spectra for all the samples of cuprous oxide thin films deposited on Ti sheets at different applied potentials. As can be seen, there is an absorption edge in the range of 500 to 620 nm. Comparing these curves, it can be found GDC-0973 supplier that the absorption edges show redshift then blueshift with increasing the applied potential.

PI3K inhibitor Figure 3 UV–vis absorption spectra of Cu 2 O thin films. The photoabsorption in the visible light range for Cu2O film at −0.1 V vs. the reference electrode with cubic structure was more than 50% stronger than that for Cu2O film with pyramid shaped structure, which can be seen from Figure 2a,b. It can originate from the reason that the cubic structure film has more surfaces to adsorb light, leading to stronger photoabsorption [27]. Cu2O film deposited at −0.5 V vs. the reference electrode with the strongest absorption click here is due to the resonance absorption of metal copper particles, which can be

also confirmed by XRD spectra of Figure 1. The decrease of the absorption coefficient of Cu2O films deposited at −0.7 and −0.9 V may be due to too much nucleation covering the entire Ti sheets. It decreases gaps, and defects of the films then reduce the scattering of light. The cuprous oxide is a typical direct band gap semiconductor. The absorption coefficient satisfies the equation (ahv)2 = A(hv − E g )

for a direct band gap material [28]. Here, a is the absorption coefficient, A is a constant, hv is the discrete photon energy, and E g is the band gap energy. The band gap E g is obtained by extrapolation of the plot HSP90 of (ahv)2 vs. hv, and the estimated direct band gaps of Cu2O films are listed in Table 1. Based on the data of Figure 4 and Table 1, it can be found that the band gap of Cu2O films first decreases and then increases with the applied potential which becomes more cathodic. The intercepts to the (ahv)2 vs. hv plot for the samples S1 and S2 give the value of band gap as 1.90 and 1.83 eV, respectively. Due to the presence of metal Cu particles, the absorption edge of the sample S3 is 1.69 eV. Figure 4 shows (ahv)2 vs. hv plot for the samples S4 and S5, and the obtained band gap values are 2.00 and 2.03 eV, respectively. This is also consistent with previous XRD results and coincides with Grez’s observation [29]. Table 1 The estimated direct band gaps of Cu 2 O films Applied potential (V) −0.1 −0.3 −0.5 −0.7 −0.9 Band gap (eV) 1.90 1.83 1.69 2.00 2.03 Figure 4 Square of the absorption energy as a function of photon energy of Cu 2 O films.

KNR closely collaborated and supported the study, helped in preparation of manuscript discussed and critically analyzed the non operative management of patients in grand rounds on day to day basis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Fournier’s gangrene (FG)

is a rare, rapidly progressive, fulminant form of necrotizing fasciitis of the genital, perianal and perineal regions, which may extend up to the abdominal wall between the fascial planes [1]. It is secondary to polymicrobial infection by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria with a synergistic action [2–4]. The cause of infection is identifiable in 95% of cases, mainly arising from anorectal, genito-urinary and cutaneous sources [5]. Predisposing factors such as diabetes and Immunosuppression lead to vascular disease and suppressed immunity that increase AZD8931 order susceptibility selleck to polymicrobial Infection. Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and physical examination. Radiological methods may help to delineate the extent of the disease but false negatives may happen. Dissemination of the disease was found to be a major determinant of patients’ outcomes in previous reports [6, 7]. It may reflect the aggressiveness of the involved infectious agents or reflects the degree of patients’ immunosuppression. Several reports tried to evaluate the usefulness of diverse scoring systems. Fournier’s Gangrene Severity Index (FGSI) has

become a standard for researchers, being routinely published in FG literature and is considered as a good predicting tool [8, 9]. PLEKHB2 The mortality rate for FG is still high, at 20–50% in most contemporary series [10, 11]. Fortunately, it is a rare condition, with a reported incidence of 1.6/100,000 males with peak incidence in the 5th and 6th decades. However, the incidence is rising, most likely due to an increase in the mean age of the population, as well as increased numbers of patients on immunosuppressive therapy or suffering from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, especially in Africa [12, 13]. Early diagnosis, aggressive resuscitation

of the patient, administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics and aggressive radical surgical debridement(s), are the key of successful treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate patients with FG and to identify risk factors that affect mortality. Materials and methods The medical records of 50 consecutive patients admitted to the University Hospital Epacadostat manufacturer Hassan II of Fez, Morocco, General Surgery Department, with a diagnosis of Fournier’s gangrene during the 7-year period between January 2003 and December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria included patients undergoing wide surgical excision of scrotal and/or perineal necrosis along with other involved areas with a postoperative diagnosis of Fournier’s gangrene. Excluded were patients who had a local superficial inflammation of the perianal or urogenital regions as they were treated in Urology Department.

The care of the fetus and fetal outcomes among patients with PASS is not part of the present review and Tucidinostat has been described elsewhere [25]. Methods Relevant English-language original publications were sought through search of PubMed and EMBASE (from January 1992 through March 2014), using the following key terms: sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, septicemia, organ failure, critical illness, critical care, intensive care, mortality and pregnancy, abortion, delivery, puerperium, and miscarriage. Identified citations were further searched for additional referenced citations. The following publication categories were excluded: (a) published only in an abstract form, (b) contained no original data, or (c) did not specifically

describe a group of patients with severe sepsis associated with pregnancy (i.e., at the minimum, the number of

affected patients, with or without other characteristics), either as primary or additional focus of Angiogenesis inhibitor the report. The search strategy is described in detail in the Electronic Supplementary Material. Following removal of duplicate citations, 4,718 MK-8931 mw articles were identified, of which 4,710 did not meet eligibility criteria [reviews (322), reports on fetal/newborn events (1,933), case reports (743), and lack of specific description of maternal severe sepsis (1,712)]. The remaining eight full-text articles were the focus of the present review. Descriptive statistics were used. This article does not involve any new studies with human or animal subjects performed by the author. The Epidemiology of Pregnancy-Associated Severe Sepsis The key characteristics of identified studies providing epidemiological data on PASS are presented in Table 1. Several single-center and regional studies have reported the incidence of PASS. Mabie et al. [27] reported the incidence of pregnancy-associated septic shock of 12 per 100,000 deliveries-years in a two-hospital study. In a regional study, including 25 hospitals in the United Kingdom (UK) reported by Waterstone et al. [28], the incidence of PASS CYTH4 was 35 per 100,000 deliveries-years.

Finally, a study of PASS in a tertiary center in Scotland by Acosta et al. [29] found an incidence of PASS 13 per 100,000 maternities-years. All three studies employed contemporary definitions of severe sepsis. Their findings have, however, several limitations. Data from local facilities may not reflect the epidemiology in a broader population. In addition, the sample size was extremely small, being 18 patients [27], 17 patients [28], and 14 patients [29], affecting precision of overall and annual [29] incidence estimates. Moreover, the reported incidence data were spread over 11 years [27] and 23 years [29], during which the development of PASS and obstetric practice have likely changed. In addition, the last two studies [28, 29] may have underestimated the number of PASS events, due to a restriction of case definition to culture-positive patients.

Identification of the resistant mechanisms, particularly a novel mechanism, is

important for the development of surrogate markers that can be combined with other known resistance determinants to improve the rapid detection of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. E7080 Methods Mycobacterial strains and culture conditions Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical strains (one strain per patient) were obtained from the Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Research Fund, Siriraj Foundation, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University. They were isolated between 2004 and 2011 from new and previously treated patients with both known and unknown HIV status. This study was approved by the Siriraj Ethics Committee, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (Certificate of Approval No. Si 208/2005). The mycobacteria were cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium (BBL, CP673451 cost USA) and incubated

learn more at 37°C for 3-4 weeks. Species identification and antimycobacterial susceptibility testing were performed using in-house one-tube multiplex PCR [39] and the standard proportion method [40, 41], respectively. Isolation of genomic DNA One loop of mycobacterial cells grown on solid medium was scraped and suspended in 500 μl of TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH8.0), 1 mM EDTA). The cells were inactivated by heating at 80°C for 20 min and subsequently harvested by centrifugation at 6,000xg at 4°C for 10 min. The cells were resuspended in 400 μl of Tris-EDTA-Tween-lysozyme solution (10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% (v/v) Tween 80, 2 mg/ml lysozyme (Amresco, USA)), and the mixtures were then incubated at 37°C for 3 h. SDS and proteinase K were added to the cell suspension to generate final concentrations of 1% (w/v) and 1 mg/ml, respectively, prior to incubation at 37°C for 1 h. Then, 80 μl of 5 M NaCl and 80 μl of 10% (w/v) cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) (Sigma, USA) were added to the suspension, and the suspension was immediately heated at 65°C for 15 min. An equal volume of chloroform-isoamyl

LY294002 alcohol (24:1) (v/v) was added to the suspension. The aqueous DNA phase was separated by centrifugation at 12,000xg for 5 min and mixed again with an equal volume of chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (24:1) (v/v). DNA was precipitated by adding 0.1 volume of 3 M sodium acetate (pH 5.3) and 2.5 volumes of ice-chilled absolute ethanol, followed by incubation at -70°C for 30 min. DNA was separated by centrifugation at 12,000xg at 4°C for 15 min. Total nucleic acid was washed once with 500 μl of ice-chilled 70% ethanol, dried, and resuspended in 20 μl of TE buffer. RNaseA (Qiagen, Germany) was added to the total nucleic acid solution to generate a final concentration of 0.5 μg/μl, and the tube was subsequently incubated at 37°C for 1 h.

A sat/chl measured at a common temperature decreased as a result of higher growth temperature and lower growth irradiance (Table 2). This was most clearly so when measured at 10 °C, whereas the growth temperature effect was small in HL-plants when measured at 22 °C, particularly in the Hel-1 accession (Tables 1, 2). Similar

responses were obtained when considering the other KPT-330 concentration capacity-related variables expressed per unit chlorophyll, Rubisco and V Cmax (Tables 1, 2). The growth irradiance effects are well known for many species including Arabidopsis (Murchie and Horton 1997; Walters et al. 1999; Evans and Poorter 2001; Bailey et al. 2004). The growth temperature effect on capacity variables per unit chlorophyll has not been specifically described for

Arabidopsis. However, it has been found for cold-tolerant species such as Plantago asiatica (Hikosaka 2005), S. oleracea (Yamori et al. 2005) and Aucuba japonica (Muller et al. 2005). Not surprisingly, the cold-tolerant A. thaliana is also capable of this form of acclimation to temperature. The shift in the Fedratinib molecular weight balance between light harvesting and photosynthetic capacity at the chloroplast level, as evident from the capacity-related variables per unit chlorophyll, was also reflected in the chlorophyll a/b ratio (Tables 1, 2). The low ratio at low growth irradiance and high growth temperature is associated with a large investment in LCHII and thus light harvesting (Anderson et al. 1995; Huner et al. 1998). Photosynthetic rates are necessarily low at a low growth irradiance, which does thus not require much investment in photochemistry. A low growth temperature requires a large investment in the see more photochemical apparatus to compensate for the reduced enzyme activity. The balance between photon absorption and utilization in photochemistry may be sensed by plants and used for the adjustment to the light and temperature condition (Huner et al. 1998; Bräutigam et al. 2009). The adjustment U0126 purchase thus contributes to an efficient utilization of resources for the

photosynthetic apparatus. The balance between the electron transport and carboxylation capacities The CO2 response curves (Fig. 2) were used to derive the carboxylation capacity (V Cmax) and the electron transport capacity (J max). The J max was difficult to derive from the curves of the HT-plants measured at 10 °C. The HTHL-plants showed a strong limitation by TPU, which prohibited the estimation of J max, but did not interfere with the estimation of the C i where V Cmax and RuBP-regeneration co-limit A sat. Some of the HTLL-plants of both accessions showed no clear transition from the RuBP-saturated to the RuBP-limited range at 10 °C, which indicates that the J max must be high relative to V Cmax, but it prohibited its quantitative estimation. The mean C i where V Cmax and J max co-limit A sat, further referred to as the co-limitation C i, was on average 45 Pa at the growth temperatures.

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