As a bacteriocin, lysostaphin is evolved for the lysis of S. aureus cell walls. In contrast, LytM as an autolysin should be evolved to have its activity under tight control. We expected this to apply for the full length enzyme, but hoped to bypass this step by the artificial activation that removes the N-terminal domain and the occluding

region. Apparently, this does not suffice, because there are differences at several other levels which reflect the different in vivo roles of lysostaphin and LytM. We conclude that the use of LytM185-316 as an antibacterial agent is a more remote possibility than originally MDV3100 manufacturer envisaged and that efforts to develop antibacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases should perhaps be concentrated on proteins that act as bacteriocins rather than autolysins. Methods Bacterial cultures Bacteria were grown in CASO broth (Fluka) at 37°C with strong aeration from a 100-fold dilution of overnight cultures. Three strains of S. aureus were used in the studies. The LS-1 is an arthritogenic CB-839 price strain originally isolated from swollen mouse joint [39]. The 8325–4 strain is a derivative of NCTC 8325, which has been cured of resident prophages and has low production of coagulase and surface adhesions [40]. The P1 strain was isolated from a rabbit inoculated with ATCC 25923 selleck chemicals llc and has better adherence than 8325–4 to endothelial

cells (a generous gift from prof. T.J. Foster, Trinity College, Dublin, Guanylate cyclase 2C Ireland) [41]. The LS-1 strain was used to develop the eczema model, while the P1 strain was used for a comparison of enzyme efficacies in the eczema model. Strain 8325–4 was used for all in vitro assays (pulldown, lysis, stability). The susceptibilities of the 8325–4 and P1 strains towards LytM and lysostaphin were comparable.

Proteins A fragment of DNA corresponding to the LytM24-105 protein was amplified by PCR from the previously described full length LytM clone [12] inserted into the pET15mod vector and called pET15modLytM24-105. The construct coded for the LytM fragment fused to an amino-terminal histidine tag and could be expressed in soluble form in E. coli strain BL21(DE3). Protein expression was induced during the logarithmic growth phase of the bacteria (OD595 of 0.8) by the addition of 1 mM IPTG and continued for 4 h at 25°C. The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography on a Ni2+ loaded, nitrilo-triacetic acid (NTA) agarose column (Qiagen), followed by gel filtration on a Sephacryl S-200 column (Amersham Bioscience). LytM26-316, LytM99-316, LytM185-316 and all point mutants were expressed and purified as previously described [12]. Lysostaphin (mature form) was purchased from Sigma and used without further purification. Antibodies Polyclonal antibodies against LytM185-316 were raised in rabbit (Pineda Antibody Service, Berlin, Germany).

Early in infection, VX-809 mouse multiple inclusions cluster tightly at the MTOC and remain associated as these inclusions begin to fuse. After fusion is complete, the single inclusion retains its close association with the MTOC as it continues to expand. The MTOC contains the cells centrosomes and acts as an organizing foci for the cell. Additionally, the MTOC acts as the nucleation point for cellular microtubules.

Host microtubules are polymerized in a polar fashion; the plus ends undergo rapid polymerization while the minus ends are anchored at the MTOC which allows for directional transport along the microtubules. We previously demonstrated that the the nascent chlamydial inclusion trafficks along microtubules using the microtubule motor protein dynein [5]. This study demonstrates that inclusion migration is a critical component for buy Verteporfin efficient fusion as both the dynein motor protein and intact microtubules are important for inclusion fusion. The requirement for both an intact microtubule network and the dynein motor protein along with the observation

that fusion takes place between closely adjacent inclusions suggests that migration to a central location in the cell is a mechanism to physically drive the inclusions together. This increases the likelihood that the fusogenic protein IncA on neighboring inclusions will interact, thereby enhancing a timely fusion. This hypothesis is further selleck supported by the observation that when the minus ends of the microtubules are not anchored (EB1.84 C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) expressing cells) or not anchored at a single site in the cell (neuroblastomas), fusion was severely delayed. Interestingly, in neuroblastoma cells, the non fused inclusions appear to be in close proximity to each other however the resolution of fluorescence microscopy cannot resolve molecular level interactions. This suggests that for the chlamydial fusion protein IncA to interact with an IncA protein on a second

inclusion, the distance between them would likely need to be very small. Interestingly, fusion is only delayed under these circumstances suggesting that eventually multiple inclusions in the cell come in close enough contact for the IncA driven fusion system to mediate fusion. Overall our data support a model where nascent chlamydia-containing inclusions traffic along microtubules using the dynein motor protein to directionally traffic to the minus ends of microtubules. If the minus ends of the microtubules are anchored at the MTOC, then the multiple inclusions make close contact and are spatially arranged to encourage fusion. Interestingly, this trafficking takes place prior to IncA expression. Inclusion migration is rapid and occurs within the first few hours of infection however IncA is only expressed during the mid cycle of chlamydial infection, about 8 hours after infection [22].

For comparison, the

PR were also estimated using QCT BMD among the 192 men with baseline QCT scans. PR greater than 1.0 indicated increased fracture prevalence among men with DISH compared to men without. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS, version 17.0, for Mac (Chicago, IL) and SAS, version 9.2 for windows (Cary, NC). Results Prevalence of DISH The mean age of these men was 74.2 years (range, 65–91 years; SD, 6.1 years). The overall prevalence of DISH was 52% using the Mata criteria and 38% using the Resnick criteria (Table 1). Men with DISH were on average older and heavier than men without DISH. Diabetes history, smoking pack years, and LY3023414 mouse Current alcohol consumption varied little according to DISH status. Forty- nine of the 178 men (28%) classified positive for DISH using the Mata criteria were click here negative for DISH according to the Resnick system (κ = 0.72, p < 0.05). Among the men SCH 900776 manufacturer diagnosed with DISH using the Mata criteria,

vertebral ligamentous calcifications were predominantly present at the thoracic spine with a peak between T8-T10 (Fig. 1a). The upper thoracic spine and the lower lumbar spine were less commonly affected. Table 1 Characteristics of the study population Variable   Mata Resnick   All DISH Non-DISH DISH Non-DISH Number of cases (%) 342 178 (52) 164 (48) 129 (38) 213 (62) Age in years; mean ± SD (range) 74.2 ± 6.1 (65–91) 75.1 ± 6.1a (65–91) 73.3 ± 6.0 (65–90) 75.2 ± 6.2a (65–90) 73.6 ± 6.1 (65–91) BMI kg/m2; mean ± SD (range) 27.5 ± 3.5 (19.3–42.6) 27.8 ± 3.6 (20.2–42.6) 27.1 ± 3.4 (19.3–40.7) 28.1 ± 3.5a (20.7–42.6) 27.1 ± 3.4 (19.3–40.7) Vertebral fractures

(%) 83 (24) 50 (28) 33 (20) 35 (27) 48 (23) Diabetes (%) 46 (13) 25 (14) 21 (13) 19 (15) 27 (13) Current smoker (%) 5 (1) 2 (1) 3 (2) 2 (2) 3 (1) Past smoker (%) 191 (56) 109 (61) 82 (50) 81 (63) 110 (52) Never smoked (%) 146 (43) 67 (38) 79 (48) 46 Flucloronide (36) 100 (47) >0 to <25 Pack years 107 (31) 58 (33) 49 (30) 44 (34) 63 (30) ≥25 to <50 Pack years 48 (14) 29 (16) 19 (12) 22 (17) 26 (12) ≥50 Pack years 40 (12) 23 (13) 17 (10) 17 (13) 23 (11) Non-drinker 112 (33) 58 (33) 54 (33) 41 (32) 71 (33) <7 Drinks per week 139 (41) 67 (38) 72 (44) 50 (39) 89 (42) 7 to <14 Drinks per week 43 (13) 24 (13) 19 (12) 17 (14) 26 (12) ≥14 Drinks per week 48 (14) 29 (16) 19 (12) 21 (16) 27 (13) Descriptive statistics of the MrOS subset of 342 randomly selected men age ≥ 65 years. The diagnostic criteria of Mata [12] and Resnick [2] were used for classification of DISH from lateral radiographs a t test (p < 0.05) Fig. 1 Manifestations of DISH according to the Mata classification in the total study population (a) and prevalence of vertebral fractures (b) per spinal segment from T4 through L5.

J Strength Cond Res 2009, 23:962–971.PubMedCrossRef 45. Oopik V, Paasuke M, Timpmann S, Medijainen L, Ereline J, Gapejeva J: Effects of creatine supplementation during recovery from rapid body mass reduction on metabolism and muscle performance capacity

in well-trained wrestlers. J www.selleckchem.com/products/tpx-0005.html Sports Med Phys Fitness 2002, 42:330–339.PubMed 46. Steenge GR, Simpson EJ, Greenhaff PL: Protein- and carbohydrate-induced augmentation of whole body creatine retention in humans. J Appl Physiol 2000, 89:1165–1171.PubMed 47. Kerksick CM, learn more Wilborn CD, Campbell WI, Harvey TM, Marcello BM, Roberts MD, Parker AG, Byars AG, Greenwood LD, Almada AL, et al.: The effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation with and without D-pinitol on resistance training adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 2009, 23:2673–2682.PubMedCrossRef 48. Dash AK, Sawhney A: A simple LC method with UV detection for the analysis of creatine and creatinine and its application to several creatine formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002, 29:939–945.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests AlzChem AG (Trostberg, Germany) provided funding for this study through a research grant to Texas A&M University. All researchers involved independently collected, analyzed, and interpreted the results from this study and have no financial interests concerning the outcome of this investigation. RBK has received grants as Principal Investigator through institutions

with which he has Paclitaxel been affiliated to conduct exercise and nutrition related research, has served as a legal and scientific consultant, and currently serves as a scientific consultant for Woodbolt International (Bryan, TX). Remaining coauthors have

no competing interests to declare. Data from this study have been presented at the International Society of Sports Nutrition Annual meeting and have not been submitted for publication to any other journals. Publication of these findings should not be viewed as endorsement by the investigators or their institutions of the nutrients investigated. Authors’ contributions ARJ served aminophylline as the study coordinator, oversaw all testing, and assisted in data analysis and writing of the manuscript. JMO assisted in data collection and statistical analysis. AS assisted with data collection. EG assisted with data collection and reviewed and approved nutritional records as the studies’ registered dietitian. JF and SR supervised the biopsy procedures. MG assisted in experimental design, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. KK supervised muscle assays and CM served as a collaborating scientist. CR served as lab coordinator and oversaw data collection and quality control of the study. RBK served as Principal Investigator and contributed to the design of the study, statistical analysis, manuscript preparation, and procurement of external funding. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Conclusion The present results suggest that TSST-1 production is not directly associated with the agr structure, but is instead controlled by unknown transcriptional/translational regulatory systems, or synthesized by multiple regulatory mechanisms that are interlinked in a complex manner. Methods Idasanutlin solubility dmso Bacterial strains Of 152 clinical MRSA isolates that we analyzed, 66 were randomly selected from the nationwide MRSA collection representing various regions of Japan in 2003, and the remainder was isolated from the bloodstream of patients in different wards at a university hospital between 1996 and see more 2003. Detection of the tst gene and agr-genotyping by

PCR Bacterial chromosomal DNA was extracted after overnight growth on Luria Bertani agar as described [17]. We detected

the tst gene by PCR amplification using the specific primers, TGT AGA TCT ACA AAC GAT AAT ATA AAG GAT (forward) and ATT AAG CTT AAT TAA TTT CTG CTT CTA TAG TT (reverse). Genes were amplified by denaturation for 5 min selleck chemicals llc at 94°C followed by 30 cycles of 30 s at 94°C, 30 s at 52°C, 60 s at 72°C and a final extension at 72°C for 5 min in a 25-μl mixture, comprising 1 μl template DNA, 0.2 mM dNTP mix, 1.5 mM 10× Ex buffer (Takara, Tokyo, Japan), 1.25 U Ex Taq (Takara) and 0.5 μM each of the forward and reverse primers. The agr class was determined by PCR amplification of the hypervariable domain of the agr locus using specific oligonucleotide primers as described [18]. Preparation of recombinant partial TSST-1 and anti TSST-1 antibody Fragments of the tst gene

DNA were amplified by PCR using primers with BglII-HindIII restriction sites (Table 3). Amplified 280-bp DNA fragments were subcloned into the pBluescriptII plasmid, digested with EcoRV and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5α, which was then digested with BglII and HindIII. The BglII -HindIII fragment of E. coli DH5α was subcloned into the BamHI-HindIII site of pQE30 (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and transformed CYTH4 into E. coli JM109. His-tagged recombinant partial TSST-1 protein (rTSST-1) was expressed in E. coli JM109 and the cells were lysed using a French press (SLM Instruments, Inc., IL, USA). Recombinant TSST-1 was purified from the cell lysate using Ni-NTA agarose (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Purified rTSST-1 (100 μg/ml) was emulsified with an equal volume of Freund’s complete adjuvant (Difco, NJ, USA) and subcutaneously injected into Japanese white rabbits to generate anti-TSST-1 antiserum. A second antibody response was elicited by immunization with the antigen alone and serum was collected. Table 3 Primers used in this study.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:146–150PubMed Prokhorenko VI, Holzwarth AR (2000) Primary process and structure of the photosystem II reaction center: a photon echo study. J Phys Chem B 104:11563–11578 Rappaport F, Boussac A,

Force DA, Peloquin J, Brynda M, Sugiura M, Un S, Britt RD, Diner BA (2009) Probing the coupling between AR-13324 in vivo proton and electron transfer in photosystem II core complexes containing a 3-fluorotyrosine. J Am Chem Soc 131(12):4425–4433PubMed Raszewski G, Renger T (2008) Light harvesting in photosystem II core complexes is limited by the transfer to the trap: can the core complex turn into a photoprotective mode? J Am Chem Soc 130(13):4431–4446PubMed BMS202 Remelli R, Varotto C, Sandona D, Temozolomide in vivo Croce

R, Bassi R (1999) Chlorophyll binding to monomeric light-harvesting complex. A mutation analysis of chromophore-binding residues. J Biol Chem 274(47):33510–33521PubMed Renger G (2010) The light reactions of photosynthesis. Curr Sci 98(10):1305–1319 Renger G, Renger T (2008) Photosystem II: the machinery of photosynthetic water splitting. Photosynth Res 98(1–3):53–80PubMed Renger T, Schlodder E (2010) Primary photophysical processes in photosystem II: bridging the gap between crystal structure and optical spectra. Chem Phys Chem 11(6):1141–1153PubMed Roelofs TA, Lee CH, Holzwarth AR (1992) Global target analysis of picosecond chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics from pea chloroplasts. A new approach to the characterization of the primary processes in photosystem II alfa- and beta-units. Biophys J 61:1147–1163PubMed Rogl H, Kuhlbrandt W (1999) Mutant trimers of light-harvesting Tau-protein kinase complex II exhibit altered pigment content and spectroscopic features.

Biochemistry 38(49):16214–16222PubMed Ruban AV, Horton P (1999) The xanthophyll cycle modulates the kinetics of nonphotochemical energy dissipation in isolated light-harvesting complexes, intact chloroplasts, and leaves of spinach. Plant Physiol 119:531–542PubMed Salverda JM, Vengris M, Krueger BP, Scholes GD, Czarnoleski AR, Novoderezhkin V, Van Amerongen H, van Grondelle R (2003) Energy transfer in light-harvesting complexes LHCII and CP29 of spinach studied with three pulse echo peak shift and transient grating. BiophysJ 84(1):450–465 Sandona D, Croce R, Pagano A, Crimi M, Bassi R (1998) Higher plants light harvesting proteins. Structure and function as revealed by mutation analysis of either protein or chromophore moieties. Biochim Biophys Acta 1365:207–214PubMed Savikhin S, Van Amerongen H, Kwa SLS, van Grondelle R, Struve WR (1994a) Low-temperature energy transfer in LHC-II trimers from the Chl a/b light-harvesting antenna of photosystem II. BiophysJ 66:1597–1603 Savikhin S, Zhu YW, Lin S, Blankenship RE, Struve WS (1994b) Femtosecond spectroscopy of chlorosome antennas from the green photosynthetic bacterium chloroflexus aurantiacus.

Total RNA was isolated from theses samples and used to prepare cRNA probes for hybridization with Affymetrix GeneChip Rat 230 2.0 arrays (Figure 3). The hybridized microarrays were then scanned and the signals acquired (Figure 4). At the 12th week, liver cirrhosis occurred in 10 of 10 rats, so we took the pooled cirrhotic tissues from the 10 rats for the microarrays. At the 14th week, dysplastic nodules occurred only in the livers of 2/10 rats, so we took the pooled dysplastic nodules from the two rats for the microarrays. At the 16th week, early tumor nodules occurred

in the liver of 8/10 rats, so we took the pooled tumor nodules from the eight rats for the microarrays. At the 20th week, tumor nodules occurred in all of the ten 4SC-202 molecular weight rats(10/10), but lung metastasis only occurred in the two of them, so we took the pooled

tumor nodules in the liver from the two rats with lung metastasis for the microarrays. We used the pooled liver tissues from the control rats killed at the 12th, 14th, 16th and the 20th week for the microarrays. The decision to pool the mRNA from the rat livers was made in order to obtain a representative analysis of gene expression changes across more than one animal. Figure 3 Total RNA isolated from the liver tissues of the rats was identified by agar electrophoresis. (A) from normal rats; (B-E) from DEN-treated rats: cirrhosis tissue at 12th week (B), dysplastic nodules at the 14th week (C), early selleck products cancerous nodules at the 16th week (D), cancerous nodules with lung metastasis Lazertinib clinical trial at the 20th week (E). Figure 4 Scatter plot of gene expression comparisons between the normal rats and DEN-exposured rats. Each point represents a single gene or EST. x-axis:

control (from liver tissue of normal rat); y-axis: liver tissue from DEN- treated rat at 12th week (A); at 14th week (B); at 16th week (C); at 20th week (D). The red points represent Tacrolimus (FK506) ‘present’ states both in control and DEN exposed; blue points represent ‘no present’ in either of control and DEN-exposed; yellow points represent ‘absent’ states both in control and DEN-exposed. Analysis of the differential expression genes The differential expression genes of cirrhotic tissue, dysplastic nodules, early tumors nodules and tumor nodules from rats with lung metastasis compared with the tissue from normal rats were screened and to determine the upregulated and downregulated DEGs. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Number of differential expression genes (DEGs) of liver tissues from DEN-treated rats compared with control. DEGs 12th week 14th week 16th week 20th week Up-regulated DEGs 681 857 1223 999 Down-regulated DEGs 687 732 1016 906 Total 1368 1589 2239 1905 NOTE: The words ’12th week, 14th week, 16th week, 20th week’ in the table indicate the cirrhosis tissue, dysplastic nodules, early cancerous nodules and cancerous nodules with metastasis, respectively.

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D, Cartinhour S: Global transcriptional responses of Pseudomonas syringae DC3000 to changes in iron bioavailability in vitro. BMC Microbiology 2008, 8:209.PubMedCrossRef 9. Serrania J, Vorhölter F-J, Niehaus K, Pühler A, Becker A: Identification of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris galactose utilization genes from transcriptome data. Journal of Biotechnology 2008, 135:309–317.PubMedCrossRef 10. Ferreira AO, Myers CR, Gordon

JS, Martin GB, Vencato M, Collmer A, Wehling MD, Alfano JR, Moreno-Hagelsieb G, Lamboy WF, DeClerck G, Schneider DJ, Cartinhour SW: Whole-Genome Expression Profiling Defines the HrpL Regulon of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC 3000, Allows de novo Reconstruction of the Hrp cisElement and Identifies Novel Coregulated CP673451 Genes. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2006, 19:1167–1179.PubMedCrossRef 11. Lan L, Deng X, Xiao Y, Zhou J-M, Tang X: Mutation of Lon Protease Differentially Affects the Expression of Pseudomonas syringae Type III Secretion System Genes in

Rich and Minimal Media and Reduces Pathogenicity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2007, 20:682–696.PubMedCrossRef 12. He Y, Xu M, Lin K, Ng Y, Wen C, Wang L, Liu Z, Zhang H, Dong Y, Dow J, Zhang L: Genome Staurosporine ic50 scale analysis of diffusible signal factor regulon in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris : identification of novel cell-cell communication-dependent genes and functions. Molecular microbiology 2006, 59:610–622.PubMedCrossRef 13. Shi XY, Dumenyo CK, Hernandez-Martinez R, Azad H, Cooksey DA: Characterization of Regulatory Pathways in Xylella fastidiosa : Genes and Phenotypes Controlled by gacA. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009, 75:2275–2283.PubMedCrossRef 14. He Y, Zhang L, Jiang B, Zhang Z, Xu R, Tang D, Qin J, Jiang W, Zhang X, Liao J, Cao J, Zhang S, Liang X, Wei M, Lu G, Feng J, Chen B, Cheng J, Tang J: Comparative and functional genomics reveals genetic diversity and determinants of host specificity among reference strains and a large collection of Chinese isolates of the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris . Genome Biol 2007, 8:R218.PubMedCrossRef 15. Guidot A, Coupat B, Fall S, Prior P, Bertollaq F: Horizontal gene transfer between Ralstonia solanacearum strains detected by comparative genomic hybridization on microarrays. The ISME J 2009, 3:549–562.CrossRef 16.

The RC absorption spectrum is wide (600–900 nm), yet only one absorption wavelength is monitored in this study in order to simplify the analysis. The 802 nm absorption band is the primary absorption band, and a more elaborate analysis over a wider spectral range may change our main results only slightly. To the authors’ knowledge, a detailed

account of photoexcitation dynamics of RCs at room temperatures has not been previously PF-6463922 mw reported on. We can refer to the recent work by Olenchuk et al. (2007), which describes the RCs equilibration dynamics at room temperatures; however, that work emphasizes the case of samples with rather strongly absorbing RC concentrations (or very low light photoexcitation levels) Wortmannin where the classical BLB formalism breaks down. Conclusion Detailed examination of the RCs

equilibration kinetics under a sudden increase of the CW actinic light intensity from the dark to a particular steady-state level, I exp, provides a tool for the correct and independent estimation of the light intensity parameter α, the scaling factor to measure the molecule photoexcitation frequency. This parameter is very important for the correct theoretical modeling of the RCs dynamics, especially in determining the details of charge separation induced structural transitions in RCs. The models used here to describe the photobleaching kinetics and to determine the parameter α fits the experimental results very well and shows a reasonable agreement with the results of previous studies of electron transfer kinetics in isolated and membrane bound RCs. In other studies, the case of strong absorption that may

cause saturation absorption was discussed theoretically and analyzed empirically for isolated RCs (Olenchuk et al. 2007). Our work more fully illustrates the methodology for the classical BLB formalism and emphasizes the analysis of experimental results when light scattering occurs, which allows else for applying the BLB formalism to estimate the α factor. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Dr. M.R. Jones for samples of the antenna-free membranes of Rb. JSH-23 sphaeroides photosynthetic bacteria (strain RCO1), Dr. N. Woodbury for Triton X-100 isolated RCs, and Drs. G. Feher and M. Okamura for the LDAO isolated RCs that they each generously provided for these studies. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

Enteritidis PT4 P125109 [27] which encodes two type I restriction/modification systems. All of these genes were not detected in the Kenyan S. Enteritidis isolate AF3176 and partially detected in isolate 47/03, which lacks one of the restriction enzyme subunits. In addition to variation in genes found in large clusters in S. Enteritidis PT4 P125109 there was also variation in genes found as Tanespimycin datasheet singletons (summarised in Tables 3 and 4). Of note is the absence of the gene ratB in

S. Enteritidis isolate 32/00. This gene is located within the CS54 genomic island in S. Typhimurium, a region that is important for intestinal persistence in a mouse model [47]. In S. Enteritidis PT4 P125109, the genomic island is maintained but ratB is a pseudogene, as it is in the sequenced strains of the host-adapted serovars S. Typhi and S. Gallinarum. Variation in plasmid-encoded genes Besides chromosomal genes, the microarray incorporated genes found on Salmonella virulence plasmids from serovars Enteritidis, Gallinarum, Typhimurium and plasmids, pHCM1 and pHCM2, from the multi-drug resistant S. Typhi strain CT18. Five Uruguayan isolates, 2 from food (206/99

and 32/02) and 3 from human disease (130/99, 199/02 and 214/02), lack the characteristic S. Enteritidis virulence plasmid. This was confirmed by attempts to purify the Birinapant cell line plasmid (Table 2). Two other Uruguayan isolates, 92/05 and 132/99, exhibited divergence in more than 30 genes and isolates 57/94 and 49/98 diverged in 15 genes found within the plasmid of S. Enteritidis PT4 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tpx-0005.html P125109 (see Table 2 and Figure 2). Included in the genes predicted as absent or divergent are the spv genes, the pef fimbrial operon as well as repA (DNA replication) and rsdB (resolvase). Of note, isolates 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase 92/05 and 132/99 also lack the few tra genes remaining in S. Enteritidis PT4 P125109. Figure 2 Graphical representation of the 57 genes from the Salmonella virulence plasmid as found in isolates that showed differences in plasmid content by CGH. In blue, genes present in the S. Enteritidis PT4 P125109 virulence

plasmid and predicted as absent in the test strain. In white, genes present in both reference and test strains. Despite the high degree of variability seen in these plasmids all had similar molecular weights when compared to that in S. Enteritidis PT4 P125109 (data not shown), suggesting potential divergence in gene sequence or acquisition of novel genes. However none of the isolates with high variation in plasmid gene content showed a positive signal for non-S. Enteritidis plasmid features included in the array, suggesting that they may harbour sequence divergence or novel sequences. In fact the only isolate showing a positive signal for non-S. Enteritidis plasmid features was the Kenyan S. Enteritidis isolate AF3353 which harbours the complete S.