coli with autophagosomes and intracellular bactericidal activity. The upregulation of autophagic response induced by LPS was dependent on the activation of TLR4 signaling. These results indicate that LPS-induced autophagy is at least partially responsible for the this website growth restriction of E. coli in PMCs. Developing strategies of

selectively stimulating autophagy in infected cells may be considered as a new method for dealing with hard-to-eliminate E. coli. Further and precise in vivo studies may shed light on how autophagy combats invasive pathogens inside the host cells. Acknowledgments We thank Professor Xiaofeng Zhu (Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center) for providing GFP-LC3 plasmid. This work was supported by Key Clinical Discipline Program of

the Ministry LY333531 datasheet of Health, China (2010–439); U.S Baxter’s Renal Discoveries Extramural Grant Program (EGP GRANT #09AP012-OG); Guangdong Natural Science Foundation of China (9151008901000051) and the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB504005). References 1. Munz C: Enhancing immunity through autophagy. Annu Rev Immunol 2009, 27:423–449.PubMedCrossRef 2. Wild P, Farhan H, McEwan DG, Wagner S, Rogov VV, Brady NR, Richter B, Korac J, Waidmann O, Choudhary C, Dotsch V, Bumann D, Dikic I: Phosphorylation of the autophagy receptor optineurin restricts Salmonella growth. Science 2011,333(6039):228–233.PubMedCrossRef 3. Sir D, Tian Y, Chen SB202190 research buy WL, Ann DK, Yen TS, Ou JH: The early autophagic pathway is activated by hepatitis B virus and required for viral DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010,107(9):4383–4388.PubMedCrossRef 4. Anand PK, Tait SW, Lamkanfi M, Amer AO, Nunez G, Pages G, Pouyssegur J, McGargill MA, Green DR, Kanneganti TD: TLR2 and RIP2 pathways mediate autophagy of Listeria monocytogenes via extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation.

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