(C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: Lymph transportation through the body is partly controlled

by the intrinsic pumping of lymphatic vessels. Although an understanding of this process is important for medical application, little is currently known because it is difficult to measure. Here, we introduce an easy, safe, and cost-effective technique for measuring lymphatic pumping in leg superficial lymphatic vessels. Readings obtained with this technique were compared with values obtained with dynamic lymphoscintigraphy. Differences in lymphatic pumping between healthy volunteers and patients with lymphedema were also investigated.

Methods: Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence buy Dorsomorphin lymphography was performed by subcutaneously injecting 0.3 nil., of ICG (0.5%) into the dorsum of the foot. Real-time fluorescence images of lymph propulsion were obtained with an infrared-light camera system with the individual supine or sitting. A custom-made transparent sphygmomanometer cuff was wrapped around the lower leg and connected to a standard mercury sphygmomanometer. The cuff was inflated to 60 mm Hg and then gradually deflated at 5-minute intervals to lower the pressure by 10-mm Hg steps until the fluorescence contrast agent exceeded LCL161 solubility dmso the upper border

of the cuff, indicating that the lymphatic contraction had overcome the cuff pressure. Lymph pumping pressure (P(pump)) was defined Z-DEVD-FMK chemical structure as the value of the cuff pressure when the contrast agent exceeded the upper border of the cuff. We measured P(pump) among healthy volunteers who maintained a supine position and compared these values with measurements obtained from lymphoscintigraphy.

P(pump) values while sitting were also compared between 30 legs from healthy volunteers and 30 legs from lymphedematous patients.

Results: Among healthy, supine participants, P(pump) was 25.2 +/- 16.7 mm Hg (mean +/- standard deviation [SDI) when measured by ICG fluorescence lymphography. These values were significantly correlated with values taken using dynamic lymphoscintigraphy (r(2) = 0.54, p < .01), while 2 SDs of the mean were approximately 20 mm Hg, suggesting a substantial disagreement between the two methods (Bland-Altman plots). In the comparison of seated meaurements, readings for healthy participants (P(pump) = 29.3 +/- 16.0) were higher than those for lymphedematous participants (13.2 +/- 14.9).

Conclusion: ICG fluorescence is an accurate as well as a safe, easy, and economical method of measuring lymphatic pumping. Therefore, it may develop as a vital tool for diagnosing lymphatic malfunctions even when they are only in their formative stages. Studies that use this technique may increase our knowledge of the lymphatic system as a whole, allowing us to develop better treatments for lymphatic disorders. (J Vase Surg 2010;52:946-52.

EstA was compared to cinnamoyl esterases FaeA and FaeB from Aspergillus niger in terms of ferulic acid (FA) release from wheat bran (WB), maize bran (MB) and sugar beet pulp (SBP).

Conclusion:

The synthetic gene was successfully cloned and overexpressed in T. reesei. EstA from P. equi was demonstrated to

efficiently release FA from various natural substrates.

Significance and Impact of the Study:

Recombinant EstA produced in an Nirogacestat price industrial enzyme producer, T. reesei, was biochemically characterized, and its capacity to release an aromatic compound (FA) for biotechnological applications was demonstrated.”
“Retinal Muller glial cells are involved in K(+) ion homeostasis of the tissue. Inwardly rectifying K(+) (Kir) channels play a decisive role in the process of spatial K(+) buffering. It has been demonstrated that Kir-mediated currents of Muller cells are downregulated in various cases of retinal neurodegeneration. However, this has not yet been verified for any murine animal model. The aim of the present study was to investigate Muller cells after transient retinal ischemia in mice. High intraocular pressure was applied for 1 h; the retina

was analysed 1 week later. We studied protein expression in the tissue by immunohistochemistry, and membrane currents of isolated cells by patch-clamp experiments. We found the typical indicators of reactive gliosis such as upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Moreover, the membrane capacitance of isolated Killer cells was increased and the amplitudes of Kir-mediated currents were slightly, but significantly decreased. This murine high intraocular pressure model of transient retinal ischemia check details is proposed as a versatile tool for further studies on Muller cell functions

in retinal degeneration. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aim:

To investigate the effects of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus megaterium in terms of toxin and growth of pathogenic Vibrio harveyi.

Methods and Results:

Three Bacillus selleck compound probionts were isolated from probiotic BZT aquaculture and identified using a 16S rDNA sequence. Growth inhibition assay showed that supernatants from the 24-h culture of three Bacillus species were able to inhibit the growth of V. harveyi (LMG 4044); B. subtilis was the most effective based on the well diffusion method. Results of a liquid culture model showed that B. subtilis was also widely effective in inhibiting three strains of V. harveyi (isolated from Thailand, the Philippines and LMG 4044), and that both B. licheniformis and B. megaterium inhibit the growth of V. harveyi isolated from the Philippines. Moreover, a haemolytic activity assay demonstrated that V. harveyi (IFO 15634) was significantly decreased by the addition of B. licheniformis or B. megaterium supernatant.

Conclusions:

Bacillus subtilis inhibited Vibrio growth, and both B. licheniformis and B. megaterium suppressed haemolytic activity in Vibrio.

Therefore, current residency training may not encourage diversity at academic centers or adequately prepare residents to serve an increasingly diverse patient population.”
“Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an active component of propolis

obtained from honeybee hives and is found to have the following properties: anti-mitogenic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant. Recent reports suggest that CAPE also has a neuronal protective property against ischemic injury. Since excitotoxicity may play an important role in ischemia, in this study, we investigated whether CAPE could directly protect neurons against excitotoxic insult. We treated cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) with excitotoxic concentrations of glutamate this website in the presence or absence of CAPE and found that CAPE markedly protected neurons against glutamate-induced neuronal death in a concentration-dependent fashion. Glutamate-induced CGNs death is associated with time-dependent activation of caspase-3 and phosphorylation of p38, both events of which can be blocked by CAPE. Treating CGNs with specific inhibitors of

these two enzymes together exerts a synergistic neuroprotective effect, similar selleck compound to the neuroprotective effect of CAPE exposure. These results suggest that CAPE is able to block glutamate-induced excitotoxicity by inhibiting phosphorylation of p38 and caspase-3 activation. This finding may further help understanding of the mechanism of glutamate-induced neuronal death and CAPE-induced neuroprotection against excitotoxicity. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: This learn more study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the supracostal approach for percutaneous nephrolithotomy in pediatric patients.

Materials and

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 60 percutaneous nephrolithotomy procedures done in 50 children (32 boys and 18 girls) between 2000 and 2007. Mean patient age was 7 4 years (range 9 months to 14 years). Noncontrast computerized tomography was the primary radiological investigation for most of the cases. The subcostal approach was used in 40 procedures, and the supracostal approach (above the 12th rib) was required in 20. We compared both approaches regarding preoperative characteristics, stone-free and complication rates, and the need for auxiliary procedures.

Results: The preoperative characteristics of the patients, urinary tracts and stones were comparable for both treatment groups. There were no major complications. Significant bleeding requiring blood transfusion was observed in 3 patients (5%), transient fever in 3 (5%) and urinary leakage through the nephrostomy site in 3 (5%). The distribution of complications among subcostal and supracostal approaches was comparable. Of the 60 renal units 46 (77%) were stone-free after percutaneous nephrolithotomy at discharge from the hospital.

Blockade of voltage-gated channel expressed in the peripheral sensory

neurons has been suggested as a mechanism of action. Its effects on another sensory neuronal channel family, transient receptor potential (TRP) have remained unclear. In this study we attempted to address this question using six sensory neuronal TRP channel-expressing heterologous systems, cultured sensory neurons and TRP-mediated acute animal pain tests. In Ca2+ imaging and whole cell electrophysiology, TRPA1 and TRPV4 were blocked by micromolar butamben. Butamben also activated TRPA1 at millimolar concentrations. The inhibitory effects BAY 11-7082 in vivo on the two TRP channels were reproducible in sensory neurons. Moreover, butamben attenuated acute animal pain behaviors in a TRPA1- or TRPV4-dependent manner. Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), an analog of a simpler chemical structure, displayed similar

in vitro and in vivo properties, suggestive that chemical structure is important for the two TRP-specificity. Our findings suggest that inhibition of TRPA1 and TRPV4 contribute to the peripheral analgesic mechanisms of butamben. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The progression of diabetic nephropathy is associated with an infiltration of macrophages expressing different phenotypes. As classically activated chemokine receptor learn more CCR2+ macrophages are thought to drive tissue inflammation and remodeling, we tested whether blocking CCR2 could reduce intrarenal inflammation and prevent glomerulosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. This was achieved with RO5234444, an orally active small-molecule CCR2 antagonist that blocks ligand binding, its internalization, and monocyte chemotaxis. Male type 2 diabetic db/db mice were uninephrectomized to increase glomerular hyperfiltration to accelerate the development of glomerulosclerosis. From 16 weeks until killing at 24 weeks of age, mice were chow fed with or without admixed antagonist to achieve a trough plasma concentration above IC50 for binding in the mouse. CCR2 blockade reduced circulating monocyte levels, but did not affect total leukocyte or

neutrophil numbers, and was associated with a reduction in the number of macrophages PD0325901 in vitro and apoptotic podocytes in the glomerulus. This treatment resulted in a higher total number of podocytes, less glomerulosclerosis, reduced albuminuria, and a significantly improved glomerular filtration rate. This successful preclinical trial suggests that this antagonist may now be ready for testing in humans with the nephropathy of diabetes mellitus.”
“We discuss behavioral studies directed at understanding how probability information is represented in motor and economic tasks. By formulating the behavioral tasks in the language of statistical decision theory, we can compare performance in equivalent tasks in different domains. Subjects in traditional economic decision-making tasks often misrepresent the probability of rare events and typically fail to maximize expected gain.

Twenty-two preterm children with no definite focal lesion but with thinning of the CC by conventional magnetic resonance imaging and 23 age-matched full-term

children were PF-562271 cell line investigated by DTI. CCs were subdivided into genu, rostral body, body, isthmus, and splenium, and voxel counts (VC), fractional anisotropies (FA), and apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) were measured in each subdivision. Eleven preterm and 11 age-matched full-term subjects underwent follow-up scanning and interval changes in these parameters for each subdivision were compared.

VC and FA were significantly lower in the preterm group than in the full-term group, particularly in the isthmus. Furthermore, incremental changes in VC and click here FA were significantly smaller in the preterm group. Differences in maturation between the two groups were more pronounced with age in all subdivisions except the splenium. At all ages, noticeable FA differences between the two groups were observed in the isthmus. For white matter tracts, the preterm group displayed lower FA and fiber number, higher ADC values than the term group.

The present study shows that thinning of the CC is correlated with lower FA value and that it is more pronounced in preterm children. In addition, the isthmus was found to be the most vulnerable subdivision in preterm children.”
“Nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial

proteins are extensively modified by O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) moieties. This sugar modification regulates fundamental cellular processes in response to diverse nutritional and hormonal cues. The enzymes O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosaminase (O-GlcNAcase) mediate the addition and removal of O-GlcNAc, respectively. Aberrant O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated in a plethora of human YM155 in vitro diseases, including diabetes, cancer, aging, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disease.

Because metabolic dysregulation is a vital component of these diseases, unraveling the roles of O-GlNAc in metabolism is of emerging importance. Here, we review the current understanding of the functions of O-GlNAc in cell signaling and gene transcription involved in metabolism, and focus on its relevance to diabetes, cancer, circadian rhythm, and mitochondrial function.”
“The aim of this study is to assess the levels of airborne ultrafine particles emitted in welding processes (tungsten inert gas [TIG], metal active gas [MAG] of carbon steel, and friction stir welding [FSW] of aluminum) in terms of deposited area in pulmonary alveolar tract using a nanoparticle surface area monitor (NSAM) analyzer. The obtained results showed the dependence of process parameters on emitted ultrafine particles and demonstrated the presence of ultrafine particles compared to background levels.

Significance and Impact of the Study: Counteracting ROS for systemic infection, Edw. tarda catalase KatG and KatB merits as potential targets

for attenuated live vaccine construction.”
“The neuroprotective role of 17 beta-estradiol is well known; however, its mechanism of action remains Danusertib mouse unclear. In the present study, we applied light-induced apoptosis on the Sprague Dawley rat retina to determine the neuroprotective effect of intravitreal administration of 17 beta-estradiol on retinal neurons and to demonstrate its underlying mechanism of action. Fourteen days after ovariectomy, adult female Sprague Dawley rats received light damage. The functional and morphological changes of the retina were monitored by electroretinogram and hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively. Retinal apoptosis was characterized by the presence of DNA laddering and positive terminal deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-specific

CBL0137 inhibitor LY294002 was used to elucidate whether the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was activated by 17 beta-estradiol. Western blotting was used to detect the activation of caspase 3 and Akt. Immunofluorescence was performed to determine the translocation of NF-kappa B. Our data showed that exposure to 8000 lux white light for 12 h resulted in functional damage to the rat retina, histological changes and retinal neuronal apoptosis. 17 beta-Estradiol significantly rescued retinal function by preventing neuronal apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of Akt activation by LY294002 increased ZD1839 chemical structure retinal neuronal apoptosis, demonstrating that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is involved. Levels of cleaved caspase-3 were suppressed in the presence of 17 beta-estradiol, while LY294002 reversed the effects. It is noteworthy that NF-kappa B p65 also translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after 17 beta-estradiol administration.

This trans-location was inhibited by pre-injection of LY294002. Taken together, these results indicate that 17 beta-estradiol intravitreal administration protects the function of the rat retina by preventing retinal neuronal apoptosis from light damage. In addition, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is activated, which inhibits caspase-3 activation and induces NF-kappa B p65 nuclear translocation. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The physiological activities of Interleukin-15 (IL-15) suggest that it could be useful as an immunomodulator to activate the innate immune system, however, the expression and purification yields of recombinant mature IL-15 have typically been low. In this report, a method was optimised to generate milligram quantities of this cytokine. Human IL-15 with an N-terminal (His)(6)-tag was expressed in Escherichia coli as an insoluble protein. The IL-15 material was purified from other cellular proteins by dissolution in 6 M guanidine HCl, followed by Ni-NTA chromatography in a buffer containing 8 M urea.

The velocity of the ball was adapted to 50 or 70% of the maximum walking velocity of the participant. Results revealed that both younger and older children show a less accurate performance when the ball trajectory was occluded, while the walking profile and timing of the reach was not influenced by the occlusion manipulations. The findings seem to suggest that both groups were less accurate BMS-754807 when the necessity of planning was enhanced. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Genetically modified (GM) crops are used extensively worldwide to control diploid agricultural insect pests that reproduce sexually.

However, future GM crops will likely soon target haplodiploid and parthenogenetic insects. As rapid pest adaptation could LY294002 chemical structure compromise these novel crops, strategies to manage resistance in haplodiploid and parthenogenetic pests are urgently needed. Here, we developed models to characterize factors that could delay or prevent the evolution of resistance to GM crops in diploid, haplodiploid, and parthenogenetic

insect pests. The standard strategy for managing resistance in diploid pests relies on refuges of non-GM host plants and GM crops that produce high toxin concentrations. Although the tenets of the standard refuge strategy apply to all pests, this strategy does not greatly delay the evolution of resistance in haplodiploid or parthenogenetic pests. Two additional factors are needed to effectively delay or prevent the evolution WZB117 price of resistance in such pests, large recessive or smaller non-recessive

fitness costs must reduce the fitness of resistance individuals in refuges (and ideally also on GM crops), and resistant individuals must have lower fitness on GM compared to non-GM crops (in complete resistance). Recent research indicates that the magnitude and dominance of fitness costs could be increased by using specific host-plants , natural enemies, or pathogens. Furthermore, incomplete resistance could be enhanced by engineering desirable traits into novel GM crops. Thus, the sustainability of GM crops that target haplodiploid or parthenogenetic pests will require careful consideration of the effects of reproductive mode, fitness costs, and incomplete resistance. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The M1/M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist xanomeline can significantly improve the cognitive function, but the intolerable side effects limit its clinical usefulness. Our recent study has reported a novel derivative of xanomeline, 3-[3-(3-(3-florophenyl)-2-propyn-1-ylthio)-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylpyridine oxalate (EUK1001), exhibited higher affinity of mAChRs and less side effects relative to xanomeline.

During narrative comprehension, inference-related priming was reliable and

equally strong in Verubecestat mw both hemispheres. In contrast, during conversation comprehension, inference-related priming was only reliable for target words presented to lvf-RH. This work demonstrates that priming for inference-related concepts can be measured with input in conversational form and suggests the language processing style of the RH is advantageous for comprehending conversation. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Radon and radon progeny inhalation exposure are recognized to induce lung cancer. To explore the role of mitochondria in radon-induced carcinogenesis in humans, an in vitro partially depleted mitochondrial Entinostat price DNA (mtDNA) cell line (rho-) was generated by treatment of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells (rho+) with ethidium bromide (EB). The characterization of rho- cells indicated the presence of dysfunctional mitochondria and might thus serve a reliable model to investigate the role of mitochondria. In a gas inhalation chamber, rho-

and rho+ cells were exposed to radon gas produced by a radium source. Results showed that apoptosis was significantly increased both in rho- and rho+ cells irradiated by radon. Moreover, apoptosis in rho- cells showed a lower level than in rho+ cells. Radon was further found to depress mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of HBE cells with knockdown mtDNA. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was markedly elevated both in rho- and rho+ Sclareol cells exposed to radon. The distribution of phases of cell cycle was different in rho- compared to rho+ cells. Radon irradiation induced a rise in G2/M and decrease in S phase in rho+ cells. In rho- cells, G1, G2/M, and S populations remained similar to cells exposed to radon. In conclusion, radon-induced changes

in ROS generation, MMP and cell cycle are all attributed to reduction of apoptosis, which may trigger and promote cell transformation, leading to carcinogenesis. Our study indicates that the use of the rho- knockdown mtDNA HBE cells may serve as a reliable model to study the role played by mitochondria in carcinogenic diseases.”
“Atherosclerosis results from a metabolic imbalance and chronic arterial inflammation and macrophages are key during the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. A number of macrophage subsets have been identified in atherosclerotic plaques. Arginase 1 (Arg1), a marker for the M2 anti-inflammatory subset, hydrolyzes L-arginine into urea and omithine, a precursor to L-proline and polyamines, which are implicated in tissue repair and wound healing. Additionally, Arg1 inhibits nitric oxide-mediated inflammatory pathways by competing with iNOS for the same substrate, L-arginine. Therefore, changes in Arg1 expression in macrophages may affect the development of atherosclerosis.

The cerebral blood flow response in healthy human cortex has

not been determined, and thus it is unclear whether the cerebral oligemia associated with migraines represents the normal physiological response to a CSD-like event or represents a pathological response. In addition to promoting cerebral hyperemia, NO produced during CSD appears to initiate signaling events which lead to protection of the brain against subsequent ischemic insults. In summary, www.selleckchem.com/products/CAL-101.html the cerebrovascular response to CSD involves multiple dilator and constrictor factors produced and released by diverse cells within the neurovascular unit, with the contribution of each of these factors varying according to the species examined. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can be used to study the organization of brain white matter noninvasively. The aim of this study was to present a proof of concept for integrating DTI with high-resolution anatomical (T1) images to map and assess inter-regional connectivity across the entire cortex in a cohort of healthy participants and compared with patients

with major depressive disorder. We used MRI data of 23 patients and 23 matched controls, assessed as part of baseline testing in the International Study to Predict Optimized Treatment in Depression (iSPOT-D). Freesurfer was used to analyze the T1 images to automatically label 35 gyral-based areas for each hemisphere. DTI tractography was performed to parcellate intercortical tracts using each of these areas in seed-target combinations. We quantified fractional anisotropy, selleck number-of-fiber connections, and fiber path length for each DTI connection, with the goal of identifying the best measure or combination of measures Carteolol HCl to characterize major depression. The best classification accuracy for the individual measures was achieved using the

number-of-fibers data, whereas the combination model provided a slight improvement. The most discriminant features between the two groups were for white matter associated with the limbic, frontal, and thalamic projection fibers and as part of cortical connections between the left inferior temporal and the postcentral cortex; the left parstriangularis and the left superior frontal; the left cuneus and the corpus callosum; the left lingual and the right lateral occipital, the right superior parietal and the right superior temporal cortices; and the right inferior parietal and the right insula and postcentral cortices. NeuroReport 23:566-571 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Mechanisms to increase access to health products are varied and controversial. Two innovative mechanisms have been used to accelerate the development of low-price supply lines for conjugate vaccines.

Transfection of keratinocyte growth factor-FLAG expression vector resulted in further significant enhancement of proliferating cell nuclear antigen at day 4 after trilobectomy; however, the transfection of FLAG expression vector did not alter the enhancement of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Exogenous expression of keratinocyte growth factor in the remaining lung by means of electroporation significantly augmented epithelial proliferation and decreased the average airspace distance (mean linear intercept).

Conclusion: Our results implicate keratinocyte growth factor in the induction of alveolar epithelial cell proliferation

for compensatory lung growth and indicate that overexpression click here of keratinocyte growth factor in the remaining lung by means of electroporation significantly augmented lung epithelial proliferation.”
“OBJECTIVE: With the use of data from 3 Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC) publications, various parameters for buttock/thigh-level sciatic nerve and tibial and common peroneal divisions/nerve

injuries were summarized, and outcomes were compared.

METHODS: Data from 806 buttock/thigh-level sciatic nerve and tibial and common peroneal division/nerve injury repairs were summarized. Lesion types, repair techniques, and outcomes were compared.

RESULTS: Acute lacerations undergoing suture repair were best for the thigh-then-buttock-level tibial (93%/73%) and find more then same-level common peroneal divisions Gemcitabine mouse (69%/30%); at the knee level, tibial outcomes (100%) were better than those for the common peroneal nerve (CPN) (84%). Secondary graft repairs for lacerations had good outcomes for the thigh-then-buttock-level tibial (80%/62%), followed by common peroneal divisions at the same levels (45%/24%). The knee/leg-level tibial nerve (94%) did better than the CPN (40%) here. In-continuity lesions with positive intraoperative nerve action potentials underwent neurolysis with better results for the thigh-then-buttock-level tibial division (95%/86%) than for same-level CPN (78%/69%). The knee/leg-level

tibial nerve did better than the CPN (95%/93%).

CONCLUSION: Better recovery of buttock- and thigh-level tibial division/nerve occurs because: 1) the CPN is lateral and thus vulnerable to a more severe injury; 2) the tibial nerve is more elastic at impact owing to its singular-fixation site (the CPN has a dual fixation); 3) the tibial nerve has a better blood supply and regeneration; 4) the tibial nerve has a higher force-absorbing fascicle/connective tissue count than the CPN; and 5) the tibial nerve-innervated gastrocnemius soleus requires less reinnervation for functional contraction than deep peroneal branches, which innervate long, thin extensor muscles at multiple sites and require coordinated nerve input for effective contraction.”
“Objective: Long-term results of surgical vessel reconstruction are compromised by restenosis caused by neointimal hyperplasia.