Multiplex PCR analysis showed that the toxR gene was amplified in all clinical and environmental isolates, while ctxA, ctxB, tcpA genes were amplified only in clinical (O1) isolates. This study indicates the differences in the production of some enzymes and toxins and in the content of virulence genes between clinical and environmental

isolates in Iraq during the outbreak (2007-2009).”
“The new pyrrolidinones, rigidiusculamides A-D (1-4), have been isolated from the crude extract of the ascomycete fungus Albonectria rigidiuscula. The structures of these compounds were elucidated primarily by NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of the 3,4-diol moieties in 1 and 4 was assigned using Snatzke’s method. Compounds 1 and 2 showed GF120918 research buy modest cytotoxicity against the human tumor cell lines HeLa and MCF-7.”
“The self-assembly of the protein shell (“capsid”) of a virus appears to obey the law of mass action (LMA) despite the fact that viral assembly is a nonequilibrium process. In this paper we examine a model for capsid assembly, the “assembly line model,” that

can be analyzed analytically. We show that, in this model, efficient viral assembly from a supersaturated solution is characterized by a shock front propagating in the assembly configuration space from small to large aggregate sizes. If this shock front can reach Poziotinib price the size of assembled capsids, then capsid assembly follows either the LMA or a “pseudo” LMA that describes partitioning of capsid proteins between assembled capsids and a metastable, supersaturated solution of free proteins that decays logarithmically slowly. We show that the applicability of the LMA and the pseudo-LMA is governed by two dimensionless parameters: the dimensionless nucleation rate and the dimensionless line energy of incomplete capsids. (c) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3212694]“
“Study Design. A longitudinal case study.\n\nObjective. To determine whether pedicle

screws placed in an immature spine exert effect on the continued growth of the vertebral body.\n\nSummary of Background Data. Pedicle screws have revolutionized surgical JQ1 order treatment of spinal deformities by allowing a mode of secure fixation that provides consistently better correction rates in adults and adolescents. In the young child, however, the trajectory of pedicle screws takes them through an open physis: the neurocentral cartilage. There exists little information regarding the possible effect of pedicle screws inserted at a young age on further development of the spine and the spinal canal.\n\nMethods. Patients undergoing pedicle screw instrumentation of at least 2 levels before the age of 5 years (60 mo) for the first time for any diagnosis and who had been followed for at least 24 months were included. Measurements were performed in instrumented and adjacent noninstrumented levels without visible deformity in pre- and postoperative cross-sectional images and compared using statistical methods.

However, these cells exhibit senescence-associated growth arrest and phenotypic changes during long-term culture. To overcome this problem, we established UCBMSCs (hTERT-MSCs) with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene. We found that the hTERT-MSCs proliferated faster Poziotinib purchase than non-infected and had longer life-span. Induced hTERT-MSCs with 5-azacytidine to cardiac muscle and detected the specific

marker of myocardiocyte. The hTERT-MSCs were able to form cardiomyocyte evidenced by positive staining for Connexin-43 and alpha-Sarcomeric actin. We concluded that the hTERT gene does not influence some type of differentiation potential of MSCs. [Liu Rui Min, Bai Hui Ling, Du Yao Wu, Ma Yuan Fang. hTERT expression extends the life-span and maintains the cardiomyogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells in human umbilical cord blood. Life Science Journal. 2011;8(2):239-243] (ISSN: 1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com”
“This Napabucasin mw paper presents an application of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HR MS) for the screening, confirmation and quantification of 11 antidiabetics in herbal medicines and dietary supplements. The mass spectrometer was operated in Full MS/dd-MS2 (data-dependent MS2)

mode. The full MS scan acquired data for identification and quantification, and dd-MS2 A-1210477 scan obtained product ion spectra for confirmation. UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS quantification was achieved using matrix-matched standard calibration curves with phenacetin as internal standard. The method validation that included selectivity, sensitivity, calibration curve, accuracy and precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability was evaluated. The response showed good linear relationship with the concentrations of analytes over wide ranges (e.g., 0.0004-1 mu g/g for metformin) with all the coefficients of correlation (r(2)) bigger than 0.9991. The

detection limits (LODs) were in the range of 0.05-0.5 ng/g for different analytes. The recoveries yielded results higher than 74.3% for all compounds. The accuracy was in the range of -6.75 to 3.85%, while the intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 0.048 to 11.5%. Among 63 batches of herbal medicines and 34 batches of dietary supplements samples, 7 batches of dietary supplements were positive, while all the herbal medicines were negative. Overall, the novel UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap has demonstrated great performance for identification, confirmation and quantification of antidiabetics in herbal medicines and dietary supplements, ensuring food safety and public health (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The genetic diversity of plum pox virus strain M (PPV-M) was assessed by analyzing 28 isolates collected in 8 European countries.

These exposures were not associated with serious morbidity, mortality, or delayed symptoms.”
“In terms of contribution to pregnancy, the mother not only produces gametes, but also hosts gestation, whose progression in the uterus is conditioned by early events during implantation. In ruminants,

this period is associated with elongation of the extra-embryonic tissues, gastrulation of the embryonic disk and cross-talk with the endometrium. Recent data have prompted the need for accurate staging of the bovine conceptus and shown that asynchrony between elongation and gastrulation processes may account for pregnancy failure. Data mining of endometrial gene signatures has allowed the identification WH-4-023 ic50 of molecular pathways and new factors regulated by the conceptus (e.g. FOXL2, SOCS6). Interferon-tau has been recognised to be the major signal of pregnancy recognition,

but prostaglandins and lysophospholipids have also been demonstrated to be critical players at the conceptus-endometrium BI-D1870 mw interface. Interestingly, up-regulation of interferon-regulated gene expression has been identified in circulating immune cells during implantation, making these factors a potential source of non-invasive biomarkers for early pregnancy. Distinct endometrial responses have been shown to be elicited by embryos produced by artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation or somatic cell nuclear transfer. These findings have led to the concept that endometrium is an early biosensor of embryo quality. This biological property first demonstrated in cattle has been recently extended and associated with embryo selection in humans. Hence, compromised or suboptimal endometrial quality can subtly or deeply affect embryo development, with visible and sometimes severe consequences for placentation, foetal development, pregnancy outcome and the long-term health of the offspring. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Birds still share many traits with their dinosaur ancestors, making them the best living group to reconstruct certain aspects of non-avian theropod biology. Bipedal, digitigrade locomotion and

parasagittal hindlimb movement are some of those inherited traits. Living birds, however, maintain an unusually crouched hindlimb posture and PHA-848125 cell line locomotion powered by knee flexion, in contrast to the inferred primitive condition of non-avian theropods: more upright posture and limb movement powered by femur retraction. Such functional differences, which are associated with a gradual, anterior shift of the centre of mass in theropods along the bird line, make the use of extant birds to study non-avian theropod locomotion problematic. Here we show that, by experimentally manipulating the location of the centre of mass in living birds, it is possible to recreate limb posture and kinematics inferred for extinct bipedal dinosaurs.

For pancreatic fistula, there were no statistical differences

between RP, OP, and LP, and no significant differences in intraoperative conversion rates between RP and LP. Robotic-assisted pancreatectomy may be able to increase microscopic negative margins of resection (R0) and spleen preserving rates. Conclusion: Robotic-assisted pancreatectomy was associated with increased R0 resection rates and spleen preserving rates than LP and OP. Moreover, RP can reduce estimated blood loss and duration of hospitalization more than OP. A robotic approach to pancreatectomy may be suited to patients Semaxanib mw with pancreatic disease.”
“Reduced microRNA (miRNA) let-7a expression and the activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) signalling are both involved in prostate cancer and 5-Fluoracil inhibitor progression. In the present study, we demonstrated that the growth inhibitory effect of let-7a1 is directly related to targeting IGF1R gene expression in PC-3 cells. TargetScan predicted three potential target sites (T1, T2 and T3) of let-7a in the 39 untranslational region (3′ UTR) of IGF1RmRNA. Real-time PCR, Western blot and luciferase reporter assays were used to detect the effects of let-7a1 overexpression or let-7a1

inhibitor on the IGF1R gene expression in PC-3 cells. The results indicated that let-7a1 could inhibit IGF1R expression by directly targeting the T1 and T2 sites in the 39 UTR of the IGF1R mRNA. We then used RT-PCR, luciferase reporter assays, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining to examine whether let-7a1-mediated inhibition of IGF1R expression also Protein Tyrosine Kinase inhibitor affects the IGF1R-mediated signalling events, including Elk1 activity and c-fos gene expression, proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle. We demonstrated that let-7a1-mediated IGF1R downregulation was accompanied by attenuation of Elk1 activity and c-fos expression,

inhibition of cell proliferation, enhanced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and that loss function of let-7a1 via inhibition can upregulate IGF1R accompanied by an increase of Elk1 activity and c-fos expression, thereby enhancing cell proliferation. Altogether, these findings suggest that let-7a may be novel therapeutic candidate for prostate cancer.”
“The reaction of styrene with trifluoromethylsulfonylnitrene generated in the system t-BuOCl-NaI led to the formation of trifluoro-N-[2-phenyl-2-(trifluoromethylsulfonylamino)ethyl]methanesulfonamide CF(3)SO(2)NHCH(Ph)CH(2)NHSO(2)CF(3), 2-iodo-1-phenylethanol, and heterocyclization product, 2,6-diphenyl-1,4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)piperazine. The latter is regioisomeric to 2,5-diphenyl-1,4-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-piperazine obtained previously by analogous reaction in the system t-BuOCl-NaI center dot 2 H(2)O.”
“Background: Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is linked to gastrointestinal disorders.

A high potential for parasite spillback and the establishment of a freshwater Ichthyophonus

life cycle in the Columbia River results from currently elevated infection pressures, broad PFTα datasheet host range, plasticity in Ichthyophonus life history stages, and precedents for establishment of the parasite in other freshwater systems. The results raise questions regarding the risk for sympatric salmonids and the role of Ichthyophonus as a population-limiting factor affecting American shad in the Columbia River.”
“Background Researchers focused on mental health of conflict-affected children are increasingly interested in the concept of resilience. Knowledge on resilience may assist in developing interventions aimed at improving positive outcomes or reducing negative outcomes, termed promotive or protective interventions. Methods We performed a systematic review of peer-reviewed qualitative and quantitative studies focused on resilience and mental Selleckchem Acalabrutinib health in children and adolescents affected by armed conflict in low- and middle-income countries. Results Altogether 53 studies were identified: 15 qualitative and mixed methods studies and 38 quantitative, mostly cross-sectional studies focused on school-aged children and adolescents. Qualitative studies identified variation across socio-cultural settings of relevant resilience outcomes, and report contextually unique processes contributing to such outcomes.

Quantitative studies focused on promotive and protective factors at different socio-ecological levels (individual, family-,

peer-, school-, and community-levels). Generally, promotive and protective factors showed gender-, symptom-, and phase of conflict-specific effects on mental health outcomes. Conclusions Although limited by its predominantly cross-sectional nature and focus on protective outcomes, this body of knowledge supports a perspective of resilience as a complex dynamic process driven by time- and context-dependent variables, rather than the balance between risk- and protective factors with known impacts on mental health. Given the complexity of findings in this population, we conclude that resilience-focused interventions will need to be highly tailored to specific contexts, rather than the application BYL719 order of a universal model that may be expected to have similar effects on mental health across contexts.”
“Despite rapid expansion of our knowledge of vascular adaptation, developing patient-specific models of diseased arteries is still an open problem. In this study, we extend existing finite element models of stress-mediated growth and remodelling of arteries to incorporate a medical image-based geometry of a healthy aorta and, then, simulate abdominal aortic aneurysm. Degradation of elastin initiates a local dilatation of the aorta while stress-mediated turnover of collagen and smooth muscle compensates the loss of elastin.

Further, chemokine and cytokine profiles including CXCL10, CXCL14, IL-9, IL-22, and TOLLIP were upregulated on nanotopographic surfaces as compared with microtopographic surfaces. ConclusionsImplants with superimposed nanoscale topography generate find more a greater induction of genes linked to osteogenesis and cell-cell signaling during the early phases of osseointegration.”
“Iron

oxide magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by the coprecipitation of iron salts in sodium hydroxide followed by coating separately with chitosan (CS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to form CS-MNPs and PEG-MNPs nanoparticles, respectively. They were then loaded with kojic acid (KA), a pharmacologically bioactive natural compound, to form KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs nanocomposites, respectively. The MNPs and their nanocomposites were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The powder X-ray diffraction data suggest that all formulations consisted of highly crystalline, pure magnetite Fe3O4. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed the presence of both polymers and KA in the nanocomposites. CBL0137 chemical structure Magnetization curves showed that both nanocomposites (KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs) were superparamagnetic with saturation magnetizations of 8.1 emu/g and 26.4 emu/g, respectively. The KA drug loading was estimated using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, which gave a loading of 12.2% and 8.3% for the KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs nanocomposites, respectively. The release profile of the KA from the nanocomposites followed a pseudo second-order kinetic model. The agar diffusion test was performed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity for both KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs nanocomposites against a number of microorganisms using two Gram-positive

(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and one Gram-negative (Salmonella enterica) species, and showed some antibacterial activity, which could be enhanced in future studies by optimizing see more drug loading. This study provided evidence for the promise for the further investigation of the possible beneficial biological activities of KA and both KA-CS-MNPs and KA-PEG-MNPs nanocomposites in nanopharmaceutical applications.”
“Predicting the future is a difficult task. Not surprisingly, there are many examples and assumptions that have proved to be wrong. This review surveys the many predictions, beginning in 1887, about the future of laboratory medicine and its sub-specialties such as clinical chemistry and molecular pathology. It provides a commentary on the accuracy of the predictions and offers opinions on emerging technologies, economic factors and social developments that may play a role in shaping the future of laboratory medicine. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered daily

30 min. before forced swim session. Immobility period and post-swim fatigue was assessed on alternate days. On the 16th day, after assessment of various behavioural parameters, mice were killed to harvest the brain, spleen and thymus. There was significant increase BEZ235 concentration in oxidative-nitrosative stress and tumour necrosis factor-alpha levels in the brain of mice subjected to water-immersion stress as compared with naive group. These behavioural and biochemical alterations were restored after chronic treatment with EGCG. The present study points out that EGCG could be of therapeutic potential in the treatment of chronic fatigue.”
“Pathologic rheumatoid factor (RF) levels are hallmarks of several human diseases. Production of monoclonal RF in vitro is essential for studies of the antigenic specificities of RF, as well as for a dissection of the mechanisms of aberrant RF+ B cell

activation. We have expanded upon previous methods to develop a flow cytometry-based method to efficiently clone monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from humans with expansions of RF-like, immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IgVH) 1-69 gene segment-containing B cells. The cloned variable regions are expressed as IgM and produced during culture at concentrations between 5 and 20 mu g/ml. Using this system, Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor we show that clonal Igs from patients with HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia, when expressed as IgM,

have RF activity. We anticipate that this system will be useful for the cloning and expression of mAbs partially encoded by VH1-69 and for determination of the reactivity patterns of polyspecific, low-affinity IgMs of human pathogenic importance. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Evolutionary dynamics have been traditionally studied on homogeneously mixed and infinitely large populations. However, real populations are finite and characterised by Ro-3306 in vitro complex interactions among individuals. Recent studies have shown that the outcome of the evolutionary process might be significantly affected by the population structure. Although an analytic investigation of the process is possible when the contact structure of the population has a simple form, this is usually infeasible on complex structures and the use of various assumptions and approximations is necessary. In this paper, we adopt an approximation method which has been recently used for the modelling of infectious disease transmission to model evolutionary game dynamics on complex networks. Comparisons of the predictions of the model constructed with the results of computer simulations reveal the effectiveness of the method and the improved accuracy that it provides when, for example, compared to well-known pair approximation methods.

“
“Epididymitis and orchitis are commonly seen in the outpatient setting. Men between 14 and 35 years of age are most often affected, and Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most common pathogens in this age group. In other age groups, coliform bacteria are the primary pathogens. Men with epididymitis and orchitis typically present with a gradual onset of scrotal pain and symptoms of lower urinary tract infection, including fever. This presentation Ulixertinib research buy helps differentiate

epididymitis and orchitis from testicular torsion, which is a surgical emergency. Typical physical findings include a swollen, tender epididymis or testis located in the normal anatomic position with an intact ipsilateral cremasteric reflex. Laboratory studies, including urethral Gram stain, urinalysis and culture, and AZD6094 price polymerase chain reaction assay for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae, help guide therapy. Initial outpatient therapy is empirical and targets the most common pathogens. When C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae are suspected, ceftriaxone and doxycycline are recommended. When coliform bacteria are suspected, ofloxacin or levofloxacin is recommended. (Am Fam Physician.

2009;79(7):583-587. Copyright (C)-2009 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“Update on the genetic risk factors for venous thrombosis\n\nVenous thrombosis (VT) is a frequent disorder affecting similar to 0.2% of individuals a year and associated with a mortality rate of 10%. It is well admitted that VT is a multifactorial disease resulting from the interplay of environmental and genetic factors with an estimated heritability of similar to 60%. Until the beginning of 2000s, well-established genes involved in VT susceptibility include factor V (FV), factor II (FII),

protein C (PC), protein S (PS), antithrombin (AT). Only less than 30% of idiopathic (i.e without any environmental origin) VT patients and one-third of patients with a positive family history of VT carry known identified genetic variants. This suggests that other genes are involved in susceptibility of VT. Some of them have been recently identified by the new technological tools available now in the field of genetic”
“The suitability of using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images for surface soil GS-7977 DNA Damage inhibitor moisture estimation to investigate the importance of soil moisture in different applications, such as agriculture, hydrology, meteorology and natural disaster management, is evaluated in this study. Soil moisture field measurements and MODIS images of relevant dates have been acquired. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) are calculated from MODIS images. In addition, MODIS Land Surface Temperature (LST) data (MOD11A1) are used in this analysis.

This approach

resulted previously in the description of unique and haplotype-specific DRB-STR length patterns in humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques. For the present study, a cohort of 230 cynomolgus monkeys, including self-sustaining breeding groups, has been examined. LY294002 MtDNA analysis showed that most animals originated from the Indonesian islands, but some are derived from the mainland, south and north of the Isthmus of Kra. Haplotyping and subsequent sequencing resulted in the detection of 118 alleles, including 28 unreported ones. A total of 49 Mafa-DRB region configurations were detected, of which 28 have not yet been described. Humans and chimpanzees possess a low number of different DRB region configurations selleckchem in concert with a high degree of allelic variation. In contrast, however, allelic heterogeneity within a given Mafa-DRB configuration is even less frequently observed than in rhesus macaques. Several of these region configurations appear to have been generated by recombination-like events, most probably propagated by a retroviral element mapping within DRB6 pseudogenes, which are present on the majority of haplotypes. This undocumented high level of DRB region configuration-associated diversity

most likely represents a species-specific strategy to cope with various pathogens.”
“An indigenously isolated fungal strain identified as Aspergillus terricola with assigned fungal strain number MTCC 7588 has been used as source for pectin lyase production. The extracellular pectin lyase was purified to homogeneity from the culture filtrate of A. terricola by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The determined molecular weight was 35 +/- 01 kDa. The K (m) and k Dactolisib solubility dmso (cat) (turnover) values of the purified enzyme at 37 A degrees C using citrus pectin as the substrate were found to be 1.0 mg/ml and 110.0 s(-1), respectively. The pH and temperature optima of the enzyme

were 8.0 and 50 A degrees C, respectively. The retting ability of the purified pectin lyase for natural fibers viz. Cannabis sativa and Linum usitatissimum has been demonstrated for the first time.”
“Aim We compare the present-day global ocean climate with future climatologies based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models and examine whether changes in global ocean climate will affect the environmental similarity of New Zealand’s (NZ) coastal environments to those of the rest of the world. Our underlying rationale is that environmental changes to source and recipient regions may result in changes to the risk of non-indigenous species survival and establishment. Location Coastlines of global continents and islands. Methods We determined the environmental similarity (Euclidean distance) between global coastlines and north-east NZ for 2005 and 2050 using data on coastal seawater surface temperature and salinity.

The blast response of the composite sandwich cylindrical shell was shown to be affected by the magnitude and duration of the pressure pulse. High amplitude, low duration (impulsive) pressure pulses induced the greatest selleck compound energy absorption. Low amplitude,

long duration pressure pulses caused minimal energy absorption. The amount of energy absorbed increased and the failure load decreased with increasing core thickness. Sandwich shells with foams of varying density, compressive modulus and crushing resistance were also examined. The sandwich shells with the foam of the highest density, compressive modulus and crushing resistance (Divinycell HCP100) were found to be the most blast resistant to failure even though no energy was SBE-β-CD ic50 absorbed by them. Per unit weight, however, the shells with a lighter, less stiff and strong, Divinycell H200 foam core were more blast resistant to failure than shells with a Divinycell HCP100 foam core. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Pulmonary GVHD (pGVHD) is an important complication of hematopoietic

cell transplant (HCT) and is thought to be a consequence of the HCT conditioning regimen, allogeneic donor cells, and posttransplant lung exposures. We have previously demonstrated that serial inhaled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposures potentiate the development of pGVHD after murine allogeneic HCT. In the current study we hypothesized that allogeneic lymphocytes and environmental exposures alone, in the absence of a pre-conditioning regimen, would cause features of pGVHD and would lead to a different T cell expansion pattern compared to syngeneic cells. NVP-LDE225 manufacturer Methods: Recipient Rag1(-/-) mice received a transfer of allogeneic (Allo) or syngeneic (Syn) spleen cells. After 1 week of immune reconstitution, mice received 5 daily inhaled LPS exposures and were sacrificed 72 hours after the last LPS exposure. Lung physiology, histology, and protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were assessed. Lung cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Both Allo and Syn mice that undergo LPS exposures (AlloLPS and

SynLPS) have prominent lymphocytic inflammation in their lungs, resembling pGVHD pathology, not seen in LPS-unexposed or non-transplanted controls. Compared to SynLPS, however, AlloLPS have significantly increased levels of BAL protein and enhancement of airway hyperreactivity, consistent with more severe lung injury. This injury in AlloLPS mice is associated with an increase in CD8 T cells and effector CD4 T cells, as well as a decrease in regulatory to effector CD4 T cell ratio. Additionally, cytokine analysis is consistent with a preferential Th1 differentiation and upregulation of pulmonary CCL5 and granzyme B. Conclusions: Allogeneic lymphocyte transfer into lymphocyte-deficient mice, followed by LPS exposures, causes features of pGVHD and lung injury in the absence of a pre-conditioning HCT regimen.